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Predicting future student responses to questions is particularly valuable for educational learning platforms where it enables effective interventions. One of the key approaches to do this has been through the use of knowledge tracing (KT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Prarthana Bhattacharyya , Joshua Mitton , Ralph Abboud , Simon Woodhead

As on-device large language model (LLM) systems become increasingly prevalent, federated fine-tuning enables advanced language understanding and generation directly on edge devices; however, it also involves processing sensitive,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Honghui Xu , Shiva Shrestha , Wei Chen , Zhiyuan Li , Zhipeng Cai

Federated learning has enabled multiple parties to collaboratively train large language models without directly sharing their data (FedLLM). Following this training paradigm, the community has put massive efforts from diverse aspects…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Rui Ye , Rui Ge , Xinyu Zhu , Jingyi Chai , Yaxin Du , Yang Liu , Yanfeng Wang , Siheng Chen

Federated learning (FL) enables organizations to collaboratively train models without sharing their datasets. Despite this advantage, recent studies show that both client updates and the global model can leak private information, limiting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Rouzbeh Behnia , Jeremiah Birrell , Arman Riasi , Reza Ebrahimi , Kaushik Dutta , Thang Hoang

Robust machine learning (ML) models can be developed by leveraging large volumes of data and distributing the computational tasks across numerous devices or servers. Federated learning (FL) is a technique in the realm of ML that facilitates…

Federated learning is widely used to learn intelligent models from decentralized data. In federated learning, clients need to communicate their local model updates in each iteration of model learning. However, model updates are large in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Lingjuan Lyu , Yongfeng Huang , Xing Xie

Federated fine-tuning enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to downstream tasks while preserving data privacy, but its resource-intensive nature limits deployment on edge devices. In this paper, we introduce Developmental Federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yebo Wu , Jingguang Li , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li

This survey reviews how large language models (LLMs) are transforming synthetic training data generation in both natural language and code domains. By producing artificial but task-relevant examples, these models can significantly augment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Mihai Nadas , Laura Diosan , Andreea Tomescu

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is one of the approaches to reduce the size of Large Language Models (LLMs). A LLM with smaller number of model parameters (student) is trained to mimic the performance of a LLM of a larger size (teacher model)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Rishika Sen , Sujoy Roychowdhury , Sumit Soman , H. G. Ranjani , Srikhetra Mohanty

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed and privacy-preserving machine learning paradigm that coordinates multiple clients to train a model while keeping the raw data localized. However, this traditional FL poses some challenges, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Laiqiao Qin , Tianqing Zhu , Wanlei Zhou , Philip S. Yu

With increasing privacy concerns on data, recent studies have made significant progress using federated learning (FL) on privacy-sensitive natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Much literature suggests fully fine-tuning pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Zhuo Zhang , Yuanhang Yang , Yong Dai , Lizhen Qu , Zenglin Xu

Increasing concerns and regulations about data privacy and sparsity necessitate the study of privacy-preserving, decentralized learning methods for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Federated learning (FL) provides promising…

Large-scale pre-trained language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the massive size of these models poses huge challenges for their deployment in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Jiduan Liu , Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao , Ran Lucien Wang , Rui Yan

Domain-specific knowledge can significantly contribute to addressing a wide variety of vision tasks. However, the generation of such knowledge entails considerable human labor and time costs. This study investigates the potential of Large…

While large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly adopted for machine translation (MT), their performance for specialist domains such as medicine and law remains an open challenge. Prior work has shown that LLMs can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bryan Li , Jiaming Luo , Eleftheria Briakou , Colin Cherry

In recent years, federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising technique for training machine learning models in a decentralized manner while also preserving data privacy. The non-independent and identically distributed (non-i.i.d.)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Yousef Alsenani , Rahul Mishra , Khaled R. Ahmed , Atta Ur Rahman

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm that enables multiple users to collaboratively train a robust model in a privacy-preserving manner without sharing their private data. Most existing approaches of FL only consider traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-13 I-Jieh Liu , Ci-Siang Lin , Fu-En Yang , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang

Large language models (LLMs) offer strong capabilities but raise cost and privacy concerns, whereas small language models (SLMs) facilitate efficient and private local inference yet suffer from limited capacity. To synergize the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hang Zeng , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Jiarui Zhang , Shaojie Tang , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

Training mixed-domain translation models is a complex task that demands tailored architectures and costly data preparation techniques. In this work, we leverage federated learning (FL) in order to tackle the problem. Our investigation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Peyman Passban , Tanya Roosta , Rahul Gupta , Ankit Chadha , Clement Chung

Prompt injection attacks are an emerging threat to large language models (LLMs), enabling malicious users to manipulate outputs through carefully designed inputs. Existing detection approaches often require centralizing prompt data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hasini Jayathilaka