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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has successfully scaled up models while maintaining nearly constant computing costs. By employing a gating network to route input tokens, it selectively activates a subset of expert networks to process the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Mohan Zhang , Pingzhi Li , Jie Peng , Mufan Qiu , Tianlong Chen

Mixtures of Gaussian process experts is a class of models that can simultaneously address two of the key limitations inherent in standard Gaussian processes: scalability and predictive performance. In particular, models that use Dirichlet…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-09 Yuji Saikai , Khue-Dung Dang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures decompose prediction tasks into specialized expert sub-networks selected by a gating mechanism. This letter adopts a communication-theoretic view of MoE gating, modeling the gate as a stochastic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-27 Ali Khalesi , Mohammad Reza Deylam Salehi

The softmax function is widely used in artificial neural networks for the multiclass classification problems, where the softmax transformation enforces the output to be positive and sum to one, and the corresponding loss function allows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Shaoshi Sun , Zhenyuan Zhang , BoCheng Huang , Pengbin Lei , Jianlin Su , Shengfeng Pan , Jiarun Cao

Sparse mixture of experts provides larger model capacity while requiring a constant computational overhead. It employs the routing mechanism to distribute input tokens to the best-matched experts according to their hidden representations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Shaohan Huang , Damai Dai , Shuming Ma , Barun Patra , Saksham Singhal , Payal Bajaj , Xia Song , Xian-Ling Mao , Heyan Huang , Furu Wei

The softmax function is a cornerstone of multi-class classification, integral to a wide range of machine learning applications, from large-scale retrieval and ranking models to advanced large language models. However, its computational cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Jin Chen , Jin Zhang , Xu huang , Yi Yang , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Gated recurrent neural networks have achieved remarkable results in the analysis of sequential data. Inside these networks, gates are used to control the flow of information, allowing to model even very long-term dependencies in the data.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-12 Simone Scardapane , Steven Van Vaerenbergh , Danilo Comminiello , Simone Totaro , Aurelio Uncini

In this work, we optimize speculative sampling for parallel hardware accelerators to improve sampling speed. We notice that substantial portions of the intermediate matrices necessary for speculative sampling can be computed concurrently.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Dominik Wagner , Seanie Lee , Ilja Baumann , Philipp Seeberger , Korbinian Riedhammer , Tobias Bocklet

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have set themselves apart with their exceptional performance in complex language modelling tasks. However, these models are also known for their significant computational and storage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Peng Lu , Ivan Kobyzev , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Boxing Chen , Philippe Langlais

Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) is a widely used smooth alternative to Rectifier Linear Unit (ReLU), yet many deployment, compression, and analysis toolchains are most naturally expressed for piecewise-linear (ReLU-type) networks. We…

The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a versatile framework for predictive modeling that has gained renewed interest in the age of large language models. A collection of predictive ``experts'' is learned along with a ``gating function''…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-14 Oh-Ran Kwon , Gourab Mukherjee , Jacob Bien

Softmax is the most commonly used output function for multiclass problems and is widely used in areas such as vision, natural language processing, and recommendation. A softmax model has linear costs in the number of classes which makes it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-03 Guy Blanc , Steffen Rendle

In recent years, various methods have been proposed for mesh analysis, each offering distinct advantages and often excelling on different object classes. We present a novel Mixture of Experts (MoE) framework designed to harness the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Amir Belder , Ayellet Tal

Mixtures of experts have become an indispensable tool for flexible modelling in a supervised learning context, allowing not only the mean function but the entire density of the output to change with the inputs. Sparse Gaussian processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Clement Etienam , Kody Law , Sara Wade , Vitaly Zankin

Graph transformers achieve strong results on molecular and long-range reasoning tasks, yet remain hampered by over-smoothing (the progressive collapse of node representations with depth) and attention entropy degeneration. We observe that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a flexible framework that combines multiple specialized submodels (``experts''), by assigning covariate-dependent weights (``gating functions'') to each expert, and have been commonly used for analyzing…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Qicheng Zhao , Celia M. T. Greenwood , Qihuang Zhang

Originally introduced as a neural network for ensemble learning, mixture of experts (MoE) has recently become a fundamental building block of highly successful modern deep neural networks for heterogeneous data analysis in several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-12 Huy Nguyen , TrungTin Nguyen , Khai Nguyen , Nhat Ho

We investigate the estimation properties of the mixture of experts (MoE) model in a high-dimensional setting, where the number of predictors is much larger than the sample size, and for which the literature is particularly lacking in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-03 TrungTin Nguyen , Hien D Nguyen , Faicel Chamroukhi , Geoffrey J McLachlan

Modern large language models leverage Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures for efficient scaling, but face a critical challenge: functionally similar experts are often selected simultaneously, creating redundant computation and limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chen Zheng , Yuhang Cai , Deyi Liu , Jin Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Yuan Yang , Jing Liu , Yutao Zeng , Xun Zhou , Siyuan Qiao

3D Gaussian Splatting (3D GS) is widely adopted for novel view synthesis due to its high training and rendering efficiency. However, its efficiency relies on the key assumption that Gaussians do not overlap in the 3D space, which leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Chen Ziwen , Peng Wang , Hao Tan , Zexiang Xu , Li Fuxin