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Hybrid systems with both discrete and continuous dynamics are an important model for real-world cyber-physical systems. The key challenge is to ensure their correct functioning w.r.t. safety requirements. Promising techniques to ensure…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-05-27 Stefan Mitsch , Grant Olney Passmore , Andre Platzer

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) represents a promising frontier at the intersection of quantum computing and artificial intelligence, aiming to leverage quantum computational advantages to enhance data-driven tasks. This review explores the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Samarth Kashyap , Rohit K Ramakrishnan , Kumari Jyoti , Apoorva D Patel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in academic writing practices. Although numerous studies have explored how researchers employ these tools for scientific writing, their concrete implementation, limitations, and design…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Brenda Nogueira , Werner Geyer , Andrew Anderson , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Dongwhi Kim , Nuno Moniz , Nitesh V. Chawla

We establish fundamental and general techniques for formal verification of quantum protocols. Quantum protocols are novel communication schemes involving the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena for representation, storage and transmission…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Simon Gay , Rajagopal Nagarajan , Nikolaos Papanikolaou

Recent advancements in test time compute, particularly through the use of verifier models, have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). This generator-verifier approach closely resembles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Jianing Qi , Hao Tang , Zhigang Zhu

We present an overview of how certain computational tools currently interact with mathematical practice, and reflect on the implications for research mathematics in the short to medium term, as the field navigates the emerging age of AI and…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-10-21 Alex Kontorovich

Probabilistic programs are a powerful and convenient approach to formalise distributions over system executions. A classical verification problem for probabilistic programs is temporal inference: to compute the likelihood that the execution…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Kazuki Watanabe , Sebastian Junges , Jurriaan Rot , Ichiro Hasuo

In the digital age, ensuring the correctness, safety, and reliability of software through formal verification is paramount, particularly as software increasingly underpins critical infrastructure. Formal verification, split into theorem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhiyong Chen , Jialun Cao , Jiarong Wu , Chang Xu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Formal methods yet advantageous, face challenges towards wide acceptance and adoption in software development practices. The major reason being presumed complexity. The issue can be addressed by academia with a thoughtful plan of teaching…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Mansur Khazeev , Manuel Mazzara , Daniel De Carvalho , Hamna Aslam

This paper develops new insights into quantitative methods for the validation of computational model prediction. Four types of methods are investigated, namely classical and Bayesian hypothesis testing, a reliability-based method, and an…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2012-06-25 You Ling , Sankaran Mahadevan

Qualitative modelling is a technique integrating the fields of theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence and the physical and biological sciences. The aim is to be able to model the behaviour of systems without estimating…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2012-09-19 Thomas W. Kelsey , Lars Kotthoff , Christoffer A. Jefferson , Stephen A. Linton , Ian Miguel , Peter Nightingale , Ian P. Gent

Intermediate-scale quantum devices are becoming more reliable, and may soon be harnessed to solve useful computational tasks. At the same time, common classical methods used to verify their computational output become intractable due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Johannes Knörzer , Daniel Malz , J. Ignacio Cirac

The recent extensive availability of "big data" platforms calls for a more widespread adoption by the formal verification community. In fact, formal verification requires high performance data processing software for extracting knowledge…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-02-16 Carlo Bellettini , Matteo Camilli , Lorenzo Capra , Mattia Monga

Neural networks are increasingly employed in safety-critical domains. This has prompted interest in verifying or certifying logically encoded properties of neural networks. Prior work has largely focused on checking existential properties,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Teodora Baluta , Shiqi Shen , Shweta Shinde , Kuldeep S. Meel , Prateek Saxena

QNNVerifier is the first open-source tool for verifying implementations of neural networks that takes into account the finite word-length (i.e. quantization) of their operands. The novel support for quantization is achieved by employing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Xidan Song , Edoardo Manino , Luiz Sena , Erickson Alves , Eddie de Lima Filho , Iury Bessa , Mikel Lujan , Lucas Cordeiro

Quantum-enhanced machine learning is a rapidly evolving field that aims to leverage the unique properties of quantum mechanics to enhance classical machine learning. However, the practical applicability of these methods remains an open…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Diego Alvarez-Estevez

Decisions by Machine Learning (ML) models have become ubiquitous. Trusting these decisions requires understanding how algorithms take them. Hence interpretability methods for ML are an active focus of research. A central problem in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Philipp Schmidt , Felix Biessmann

Despite the vast body of research literature proposing algorithms with formal guarantees, the amount of verifiable code in today's systems remains minimal. This discrepancy stems from the inherent difficulty of verifying code, particularly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Marco Chiesa

In industrial model-based development (MBD) frameworks, requirements are typically specified informally using textual descriptions. To enable the application of formal methods, these specifications need to be formalized in the input…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Philipp Berger , Johanna Nellen , Joost-Pieter Katoen , Erika Abraham , Md Tawhid Bin Waez , Thomas Rambow

Probabilistic model checking is an approach to the formal modelling and analysis of stochastic systems. Over the past twenty five years, the number of different formalisms and techniques developed in this field has grown considerably, as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker