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Since the proposal of the graph neural network (GNN) by Gori et al. (2005) and Scarselli et al. (2008), one of the major problems in training GNNs was their struggle to propagate information between distant nodes in the graph. We propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Uri Alon , Eran Yahav

Message passing has evolved as an effective tool for designing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). However, most existing methods for message passing simply sum or average all the neighboring features to update node representations. They are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Rui Yang , Wenrui Dai , Chenglin Li , Junni Zou , Hongkai Xiong

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) suffer from Oversquashing, which occurs when tasks require long-range interactions. The problem arises from the presence of bottlenecks that limit the propagation of messages among distant nodes. Recently, graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Kushal Bose , Swagatam Das

Message-passing graph neural networks (MPNNs) emerged as powerful tools for processing graph-structured input. However, they operate on a fixed input graph structure, ignoring potential noise and missing information. Furthermore, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Chendi Qian , Andrei Manolache , Kareem Ahmed , Zhe Zeng , Guy Van den Broeck , Mathias Niepert , Christopher Morris

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) set the state-of-the-art in representation learning for graph-structured data. They are used in many domains, from online social networks to complex molecules. Most GNNs leverage the message-passing paradigm and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Tuğrul Hasan Karabulut , İnci M. Baytaş

The dominant paradigm for learning on graph-structured data is message passing. Despite being a strong inductive bias, the local message passing mechanism suffers from pathological issues such as over-smoothing, over-squashing, and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jacob Bamberger , Federico Barbero , Xiaowen Dong , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hugo Attali , Nathalie Pernelle , Davide Buscaldi , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hugo Attali , Davide Buscaldi , Nathalie Pernelle , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are routinely used in molecular physics, social sciences, and economics to model many-body interactions in graph-like systems. However, GNNs are inherently local and can suffer from information flow bottlenecks.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 Alessandro Caruso , Jacopo Venturin , Lorenzo Giambagli , Edoardo Rolando , Frank Noé , Cecilia Clementi

Most graph neural networks (GNNs) use the message passing paradigm, in which node features are propagated on the input graph. Recent works pointed to the distortion of information flowing from distant nodes as a factor limiting the…

Graph neural networks (GNNs) can learn effective node representations that significantly improve link prediction accuracy. However, most GNN-based link prediction algorithms are incompetent to predict weak ties connecting different…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Weiwei Gu , Linbi Lv , Gang Lu , Ruiqi Li

The irreducible complexity of natural phenomena has led Graph Neural Networks to be employed as a standard model to perform representation learning tasks on graph-structured data. While their capacity to capture local and global patterns is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Lorenzo Giusti

Graph neural networks (GNNs), which learn the representation of a node by aggregating its neighbors, have become an effective computational tool in downstream applications. Over-smoothing is one of the key issues which limit the performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Kaixiong Zhou , Xiao Huang , Yuening Li , Daochen Zha , Rui Chen , Xia Hu

Recently, message-passing graph neural networks (MPNNs) have shown potential for solving combinatorial and continuous optimization problems due to their ability to capture variable-constraint interactions. While existing approaches leverage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Chendi Qian , Christopher Morris

Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) is the building block of graph foundation models, but fundamentally suffer from oversmoothing and oversquashing. There has recently been a surge of interest in fixing both issues. Existing efforts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Li Sun , Zhenhao Huang , Ming Zhang , Philip S. Yu

Recently, machine learning, particularly message-passing graph neural networks (MPNNs), has gained traction in enhancing exact optimization algorithms. For example, MPNNs speed up solving mixed-integer optimization problems by imitating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Chendi Qian , Didier Chételat , Christopher Morris

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains. However, recent theoretical advances have identified fundamental limitations in their information propagation capabilities, such as over-squashing, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ivan Marisca , Jacob Bamberger , Cesare Alippi , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited state-of-the-art performance across wide-range of domains such as recommender systems, material design, and drug repurposing. Yet message-passing GNNs suffer from over-squashing -- exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Danial Saber , Amirali Salehi-Abari

Message-Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) have become a cornerstone for processing and analyzing graph-structured data. However, their effectiveness is often hindered by phenomena such as over-squashing, where long-range dependencies or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shahaf E. Finder , Ron Shapira Weber , Moshe Eliasof , Oren Freifeld , Eran Treister

Embedding entities and relations into continuous vector spaces has attracted a surge of interest in recent years. Most embedding methods assume that all test entities are available during training, which makes it time-consuming to retrain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Yongquan He , Zihan Wang , Peng Zhang , Zhaopeng Tu , Zhaochun Ren