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Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown great promise for diagnostic imaging assessments. However, the application of AI to support medical diagnostics in clinical routine comes with many challenges. The algorithms should have high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Milda Pocevičiūtė , Gabriel Eilertsen , Claes Lundström

The increasing complexity of AI systems has led to the growth of the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which aims to provide explanations and justifications for the outputs of AI algorithms. While there is considerable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Maryam Hashemi , Ali Darejeh , Francisco Cruz

The rise of deep learning in today's applications entailed an increasing need in explaining the model's decisions beyond prediction performances in order to foster trust and accountability. Recently, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Leila Arras , Ahmed Osman , Wojciech Samek

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) plays an indispensable role in demystifying the decision-making processes of AI, especially within the healthcare industry. Clinicians rely heavily on detailed reasoning when making a diagnosis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Anna Stubbin , Thompson Chyrikov , Jim Zhao , Christina Chajo

Despite progress in the field, significant parts of current XAI research are still not on solid conceptual, ethical, or methodological grounds. Unfortunately, these unfounded parts are not on the decline but continue to grow. Many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Timo Freiesleben , Gunnar König

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine is remarkable, offering advanced diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. However, the inherent opacity of complex AI models presents significant challenges to their clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Binbin Wen , Yihang Wu , Tareef Daqqaq , Ahmad Chaddad

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to create transparency in modern AI models by offering explanations of the models to human users. There are many ways in which researchers have attempted to evaluate the quality of these XAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Joe Shymanski , Jacob Brue , Sandip Sen

The field of 'explainable' artificial intelligence (XAI) has produced highly cited methods that seek to make the decisions of complex machine learning (ML) methods 'understandable' to humans, for example by attributing 'importance' scores…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Benedict Clark , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for enabling clinical users to get informed decision support from AI and comply with evidence-based medical practice. Applying XAI in clinical settings requires proper evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Weina Jin , Xiaoxiao Li , Mostafa Fatehi , Ghassan Hamarneh

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to improve the transparency of autonomous decision-making through explanations. Recent literature has emphasised users' need for holistic "multi-shot" explanations and personalised engagement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Anjana Wijekoon , Nirmalie Wiratunga , David Corsar , Kyle Martin , Ikechukwu Nkisi-Orji , Belen Díaz-Agudo , Derek Bridge

Deep learning has recently gained popularity in digital pathology due to its high prediction quality. However, the medical domain requires explanation and insight for a better understanding beyond standard quantitative performance…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-28 Miriam Hägele , Philipp Seegerer , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Michael Bockmayr , Wojciech Samek , Frederick Klauschen , Klaus-Robert Müller , Alexander Binder

There has recently been a surge of work in explanatory artificial intelligence (XAI). This research area tackles the important problem that complex machines and algorithms often cannot provide insights into their behavior and thought…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Leilani H. Gilpin , David Bau , Ben Z. Yuan , Ayesha Bajwa , Michael Specter , Lalana Kagal

In today's data-driven era, computational systems generate vast amounts of data that drive the digital transformation of industries, where Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a key role. Currently, the demand for eXplainable AI (XAI) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Georgios Makridis , Vasileios Koukos , Georgios Fatouros , Dimosthenis Kyriazis

It has been long debated that eXplainable AI (XAI) is an important topic, but it lacks rigorous definition and fair metrics. In this paper, we briefly summarize the status quo of the metrics, along with an exhaustive experimental study…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Xiao-Hui Li , Yuhan Shi , Haoyang Li , Wei Bai , Yuanwei Song , Caleb Chen Cao , Lei Chen

The past decade has seen significant progress in artificial intelligence (AI), which has resulted in algorithms being adopted for resolving a variety of problems. However, this success has been met by increasing model complexity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Waddah Saeed , Christian Omlin

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide insights into the decision-making process of AI models, allowing users to understand their results beyond their decisions. A significant goal of XAI is to improve the performance of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Andrea Apicella , Luca Di Lorenzo , Francesco Isgrò , Andrea Pollastro , Roberto Prevete

The need for interpretable and accountable intelligent systems grows along with the prevalence of artificial intelligence applications used in everyday life. Explainable intelligent systems are designed to self-explain the reasoning behind…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Sina Mohseni , Niloofar Zarei , Eric D. Ragan

With the advances of AI research, AI has been increasingly adopted in numerous domains, ranging from low-stakes daily tasks such as movie recommendations to high-stakes tasks such as medicine, and criminal justice decision-making.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Shuai Ma

As complex AI systems further prove to be an integral part of our lives, a persistent and critical problem is the underlying black-box nature of such products and systems. In pursuit of productivity enhancements, one must not forget the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Rech Leong Tian Poh , Sye Loong Keoh , Liying Li

Neural Networks are ubiquitous in high energy physics research. However, these highly nonlinear parameterized functions are treated as \textit{black boxes}- whose inner workings to convey information and build the desired input-output…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2022-06-15 Mark S. Neubauer , Avik Roy