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Pragmatic reasoning helps interlocutors infer intended meaning from ambiguous or underspecified messages by considering shared context and counterfactual alternatives. Similar challenges arise in natural language-to-code generation, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhuchen Cao , Sven Apel , Adish Singla , Vera Demberg

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), enabling the development of large reasoning models (LRMs). However, LRMs such as DeepSeek-R1 and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yuhao Wang , Xiaopeng Li , Cheng Gong , Ziru Liu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Xiangyu Zhao

Numerical reasoning is vital for natural language processing models to understand and process numerical information in real-world scenarios. Most current methods first generate the Intermediate Meaning Representations (IMRs) of questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Dingzirui Wang , Longxu Dou , Wenbin Zhang , Junyu Zeng , Wanxiang Che

In this paper, we present a coarse to fine question answering (CFQA) system based on reinforcement learning which can efficiently processes documents with different lengths by choosing appropriate actions. The system is designed using an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Yu Wang , Hongxia Jin

Mathematical reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) is often evaluated using benchmarks with limited numerical ranges, failing to reflect real-world problem-solving across diverse scales. Furthermore, most existing evaluation methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Safal Shrestha , Minwu Kim , Keith Ross

The Process Reward Model (PRM) plays a crucial role in mathematical reasoning tasks, requiring high-quality supervised process data. However, we observe that reasoning steps generated by Large Language Models (LLMs) often fail to exhibit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yulan Hu , Sheng Ouyang , Jinman Zhao , Yong Liu

We introduce a large language model (LLM) based approach to answer complex questions requiring multi-hop numerical reasoning over financial reports. While LLMs have exhibited remarkable performance on various natural language and reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Karmvir Singh Phogat , Chetan Harsha , Sridhar Dasaratha , Shashishekar Ramakrishna , Sai Akhil Puranam

Causal reasoning (CR) is a crucial aspect of intelligence, essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and understanding the world. While language models (LMs) can generate rationales for their outputs, their ability to reliably perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Longxuan Yu , Delin Chen , Siheng Xiong , Qingyang Wu , Qingzhen Liu , Dawei Li , Zhikai Chen , Xiaoze Liu , Liangming Pan

Question answering (QA) over knowledge bases (KBs) is challenging because of the diverse, essentially unbounded, types of reasoning patterns needed. However, we hypothesize in a large KB, reasoning patterns required to answer a query type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Rajarshi Das , Ameya Godbole , Ankita Naik , Elliot Tower , Robin Jia , Manzil Zaheer , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Andrew McCallum

Effective reasoning remains a core challenge for large language models (LLMs) in the financial domain, where tasks often require domain-specific knowledge, precise numerical calculations, and strict adherence to compliance rules. We propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jie Zhu , Qian Chen , Huaixia Dou , Junhui Li , Lifan Guo , Feng Chen , Chi Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) excel at many general-purpose natural language processing tasks. However, their ability to perform deep reasoning and mathematical analysis, particularly for complex tasks as required in cryptography, remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Mayar Elfares , Pascal Reisert , Tilman Dietz , Manpa Barman , Ahmed Zaki , Ralf Küsters , Andreas Bulling

Numerical reasoning skills are essential for complex question answering (CQA) over text. It requires opertaions including counting, comparison, addition and subtraction. A successful approach to CQA on text, Neural Module Networks (NMNs),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Xiao-Yu Guo , Yuan-Fang Li , Gholamreza Haffari

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical applications requiring reliable reasoning, yet their internal reasoning processes remain difficult to evaluate systematically. Existing methods focus on final-answer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shaima Ahmad Freja , Ferhat Ozgur Catak , Betul Yurdem , Chunming Rong

Case studies commonly form the pedagogical backbone in law, ethics, and many other domains that face complex and ambiguous societal questions informed by human values. Similar complexities and ambiguities arise when we consider how AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-28 K. J. Kevin Feng , Quan Ze Chen , Inyoung Cheong , King Xia , Amy X. Zhang

Language models are increasingly being used in important decision pipelines, so ensuring the correctness of their outputs is crucial. Recent work has proposed evaluating the "factuality" of claims decomposed from a language model generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maxon Rubin-Toles , Maya Gambhir , Keshav Ramji , Aaron Roth , Surbhi Goel

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on explicit reasoning to solve coding tasks, yet evaluating the quality of this reasoning remains challenging. Existing reasoning evaluators are not designed for coding, and current benchmarks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yuangang Li , Justin Tian Jin Chen , Ethan Yu , David Hong , Iftekhar Ahmed

Humans naturally interpret numbers non-literally, effortlessly combining context, world knowledge, and speaker intent. We investigate whether large language models (LLMs) interpret numbers similarly, focusing on hyperbole and pragmatic halo…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Polina Tsvilodub , Kanishk Gandhi , Haoran Zhao , Jan-Philipp Fränken , Michael Franke , Noah D. Goodman

Humans gather information by engaging in conversations involving a series of interconnected questions and answers. For machines to assist in information gathering, it is therefore essential to enable them to answer conversational questions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Siva Reddy , Danqi Chen , Christopher D. Manning

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving capabilities but may struggle with complex reasoning and factual correctness. Existing methods harness the strengths of chain-of-thought and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Xingxuan Li , Weiwen Xu , Ruochen Zhao , Fangkai Jiao , Shafiq Joty , Lidong Bing

Video Question Answering (VideoQA) is a challenging task that requires understanding complex visual and temporal relationships within videos to answer questions accurately. In this work, we introduce \textbf{ReasVQA} (Reasoning-enhanced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Jianxin Liang , Xiaojun Meng , Huishuai Zhang , Yueqian Wang , Jiansheng Wei , Dongyan Zhao