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The application of visual instruction tuning and other post-training techniques has significantly enhanced the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in visual understanding, enriching Vision-Language Models (VLMs) with more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Mingjie Xu , Andrew Estornell , Hongzheng Yang , Yuzhi Zhao , Zhaowei Zhu , Qi Xuan , Jiaheng Wei

Prompting LLMs offers an efficient way to guide output generation without explicit model training. In the e-commerce domain, prompting-based applications are widely used for tasks such as query understanding, recommender systems, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Jingying Zeng , Zhenwei Dai , Hui Liu , Samarth Varshney , Zhiji Liu , Chen Luo , Zhen Li , Qi He , Xianfeng Tang

The in-context learning paradigm with LLMs has been instrumental in advancing a wide range of natural language processing tasks. The selection of few-shot examples (exemplars / demonstration samples) is essential for constructing effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Kiran Purohit , V Venktesh , Sourangshu Bhattacharya , Avishek Anand

This paper consider an MMLE (Modified Maximum Likelihood Estimation) based scheme to estimate software reliability using exponential distribution. The MMLE is one of the generalized frameworks of software reliability models of Non…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2011-11-09 R. Satya Prasad , Bandla Sreenivasa Rao , R. R. L. Kantam

Predicting the performance of highly configurable software systems is the foundation for performance testing and quality assurance. To that end, recent work has been relying on machine/deep learning to model software performance. However, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Jingzhi Gong , Tao Chen

One of the key challenges for a novice engineer in a product company is to comprehend the product sufficiently and quickly. It can take anywhere from six months to several years for them to attain mastery but they need to start delivering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Mrityunjay Kumar , Venkatesh Choppella

Machine learning (ML) techniques increase the effectiveness of software engineering (SE) lifecycle activities. We systematically collected, quality-assessed, summarized, and categorized 83 reviews in ML for SE published between 2009-2022,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zoe Kotti , Rafaila Galanopoulou , Diomidis Spinellis

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have showcased significant advancements in code generation. However, most evaluation benchmarks are primarily oriented towards Python, making it difficult to evaluate other programming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Ivan Petrukha , Yana Kurliak , Nataliia Stulova

Labeling a module defective or non-defective is an expensive task. Hence, there are often limits on how much-labeled data is available for training. Semi-supervised classifiers use far fewer labels for training models. However, there are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Suvodeep Majumder , Joymallya Chakraborty , Tim Menzies

Automatic evaluation with large language models, commonly known as LLM-as-a-judge, is now standard across reasoning and alignment tasks. Despite evaluating many samples in deployment, these evaluators typically (i) treat each case…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Seungyeon Jwa , Daechul Ahn , Reokyoung Kim , Dongyeop Kang , Jonghyun Choi

Labeling data (e.g., labeling the people, objects, actions and scene in images) comprehensively and efficiently is a widely needed but challenging task. Numerous models were proposed to label various data and many approaches were designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Mu Yuan , Lan Zhang , Xiang-Yang Li , Hui Xiong

Evaluating mathematical reasoning in LLMs is constrained by limited benchmark sizes and inherent model stochasticity, yielding high-variance accuracy estimates and unstable rankings across platforms. On difficult problems, an LLM may fail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zihan Dong , Zhixian Zhang , Yang Zhou , Can Jin , Ruijia Wu , Linjun Zhang

Weakly supervised learning aims to reduce the cost of labeling data by using expert-designed labeling rules. However, existing methods require experts to design effective rules in a single shot, which is difficult in the absence of proper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Giannis Karamanolakis , Daniel Hsu , Luis Gravano

Reliable effort estimation remains an ongoing challenge to software engineers. Accurate effort estimation is the state of art of software engineering, effort estimation of software is the preliminary phase between the client and the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-04-09 Saleem Basha , Dhavachelvan Ponnurangam

Regression testing is an essential activity to assure that software code changes do not adversely affect existing functionalities. With the wide adoption of Continuous Integration (CI) in software projects, which increases the frequency of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Rongqi Pan , Mojtaba Bagherzadeh , Taher A. Ghaleb , Lionel Briand

While a large number of pre-trained models of source code have been successfully developed and applied to a variety of software engineering (SE) tasks in recent years, our understanding of these pre-trained models is arguably fairly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Changan Niu , Chuanyi Li , Vincent Ng , Dongxiao Chen , Jidong Ge , Bin Luo

Label smoothing is a regularization technique for neural networks. Normally neural models are trained to an output distribution that is a vector with a single 1 for the correct prediction, and 0 for all other elements. Label smoothing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Sakib Haque , Aakash Bansal , Collin McMillan

This paper details the methodology behind CoPE, a policy-steerable small language model capable of fast and accurate content labeling. We present a novel training curricula called Contradictory Example Training that enables the model to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Samidh Chakrabarti , David Willner , Kevin Klyman , Tiffany Saade , Emily Capstick , Sabina Nong

Optimization software enables the solution of problems with millions of variables and associated parameters. These parameters are, however, often uncertain and represented with an analytical description of the parameter's distribution or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-17 John R. Birge

Predictive Process Monitoring aims to forecast the future progress of process instances using historical event data. As predictive process monitoring is increasingly applied in online settings to enable timely interventions, evaluating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Suhwan Lee , Marco Comuzzi , Xixi Lu , Hajo A. Reijers