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Physics-informed neural solvers offer a promising route to model-based reinforcement learning in continuous time, where optimal feedback synthesis is governed by Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman (HJB) equations. Practical implementations often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Minseok Kim , Yeongjong Kim , Namkyeong Cho , Yeoneung Kim

We present two elegant solutions for modeling continuous-time dynamics, in a novel model-based reinforcement learning (RL) framework for semi-Markov decision processes (SMDPs), using neural ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Our models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Jianzhun Du , Joseph Futoma , Finale Doshi-Velez

We show that the popular reinforcement learning (RL) strategy of estimating the state-action value (Q-function) by minimizing the mean squared Bellman error leads to a regression problem with confounding, the inputs and output noise being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yutian Chen , Liyuan Xu , Caglar Gulcehre , Tom Le Paine , Arthur Gretton , Nando de Freitas , Arnaud Doucet

This paper introduces new model parameterizations for learning discrete-time dynamical systems from data via the Koopman operator and studies their properties. Whereas most existing works on Koopman learning do not take into account the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-09 Fletcher Fan , Bowen Yi , David Rye , Guodong Shi , Ian R. Manchester

In this work, we develop a numerical method to study the error estimates of the $\alpha$-stable central limit theorem under sublinear expectation with $\alpha \in(0,2)$, whose limit distribution can be characterized by a fully nonlinear…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-09 Lianzi Jiang

Particle filters (PFs) are recursive Monte Carlo algorithms for Bayesian tracking and prediction in state space models. This paper addresses continuous-discrete filtering problems, where the hidden state evolves as an It\^o stochastic…

Computation · Statistics 2026-04-24 Utku Erdogan , Gabriel J. Lord , Joaquin Miguez

We study finite-horizon continuous-time policy evaluation from discrete closed-loop trajectories under time-inhomogeneous dynamics. The target value surface solves a backward parabolic equation, but the Bellman baseline obtained from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Yaowei Zheng , Richong Zhang , Shenxi Wu , Shirui Bian , Haosong Zhang , Li Zeng , Xingjian Ma , Yichi Zhang

Solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation is important in many domains including control, robotics and economics. Especially for continuous control, solving this differential equation and its extension the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Michael Lutter , Boris Belousov , Shie Mannor , Dieter Fox , Animesh Garg , Jan Peters

Convex Q-learning is a recent approach to reinforcement learning, motivated by the possibility of a firmer theory for convergence, and the possibility of making use of greater a priori knowledge regarding policy or value function structure.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-18 Fan Lu , Joel Mathias , Sean Meyn , Karanjit Kalsi

This paper studies the problem of risk-sensitive reinforcement learning (RSRL) in continuous time, where the environment is characterized by a controllable stochastic differential equation (SDE) and the objective is a potentially nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Chuhan Xie

We present a novel deep learning method for estimating time-dependent parameters in Markov processes through discrete sampling. Departing from conventional machine learning, our approach reframes parameter approximation as an optimization…

This paper aims to build a probabilistic framework for Howard's policy iteration algorithm using the language of forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs). As opposed to conventional formulations based on partial…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-28 Yutian Wang , Yuan-Hua Ni , Zengqiang Chen , Ji-Feng Zhang

In many scientific fields, the generation and evolution of data are governed by partial differential equations (PDEs) which are typically informed by established physical laws at the macroscopic level to describe general and predictable…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-01 Ziyuan Chen , Shunxing Yan , Fang Yao

Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) has shown impressive capabilities in training agents without reward engineering. However, a notable limitation of PbRL is its dependency on substantial human feedback. This dependency stems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fengshuo Bai , Rui Zhao , Hongming Zhang , Sijia Cui , Ying Wen , Yaodong Yang , Bo Xu , Lei Han

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) provide a natural framework for modelling intrinsic stochasticity inherent in many continuous-time physical processes. When such processes are observed in multiple individuals or experimental units,…

Computation · Statistics 2016-05-19 Gavin A. Whitaker , Andrew Golightly , Richard J. Boys , Chris Sherlock

Effectively controlling systems governed by Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) is crucial in several fields of Applied Sciences and Engineering. These systems usually yield significant challenges to conventional control schemes due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Florian Wolf , Nicolò Botteghi , Urban Fasel , Andrea Manzoni

Exploration is a crucial and distinctive aspect of reinforcement learning (RL) that remains a fundamental open problem. Several methods have been proposed to tackle this challenge. Commonly used methods inject random noise directly into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Sebastian Griesbach , Carlo D'Eramo

We propose a novel framework for risk-sensitive reinforcement learning (RSRL) that incorporates robustness against transition uncertainty. We define two distinct yet coupled risk measures: an inner risk measure addressing state and cost…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-01-01 Shanyu Han , Yangbo He , Yang Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful tool for sequential decision-making, but its application is often hindered by privacy concerns arising from its interaction data. This challenge is particularly acute in advanced networked systems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shaojie Bai , Mohammad Sadegh Talebi , Chengcheng Zhao , Peng Cheng , Jiming Chen

In this paper, we study the optimal dividend problem under the continuous time diffusion model with the bounded dividend rate from the Reinforcement Learning (RL) perspective. Unlike the standard literature, our main focus will be on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Lihua Bai , Thejani Gamage , Jin Ma , Gaozhan Wang