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The classical Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm aka color refinement is fundamental for graph learning with kernels and neural networks. Originally developed for graph isomorphism testing, the algorithm iteratively refines vertex colors. On many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Franka Bause , Nils M. Kriege

Cell imaging and analysis are fundamental to biomedical research because cells are the basic functional units of life. Among different cell-related analysis, cell counting and detection are widely used. In this paper, we focus on one common…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Haoyi Liang , Aijaz Naik , Cedric L. Williams , Jaideep Kapur , Daniel S. Weller

Large-scale image datasets are fundamental to deep learning, but their high storage demands pose challenges for deployment in resource-constrained environments. While existing approaches reduce dataset size by discarding samples, they often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chenyue Yu , Lingao Xiao , Jinhong Deng , Ivor W. Tsang , Yang He

In this paper we describe a new efficient (in fact optimal) data structure for the {\em top-$K$ color problem}. Each element of an array $A$ is assigned a color $c$ with priority $p(c)$. For a query range $[a,b]$ and a value $K$, we have to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-10-19 Marek Karpinski , Yakov Nekrich

We consider the subgraph isomorphism problem where, given two graphs G (source graph) and F (pattern graph), one is to decide whether there is a (not necessarily induced) subgraph of G isomorphic to F. While many practical heuristic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Josef Malík , Ondřej Suchý , Tomáš Valla

Register allocation, which is a crucial phase of a good optimizing compiler, relies on graph coloring. Hence, an efficient graph coloring algorithm is of paramount importance. In this work we try to learn a good heuristic for coloring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Dibyendu Das , Shahid Asghar Ahmad , Kumar Venkataramanan

Identifying the sets of operations that can be executed simultaneously is an important problem appearing in many parallel applications. By modeling the operations and their interactions as a graph, one can identify the independent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-07-28 Ahmet Erdem Sarıyüce , Erik Saule , Ümit V. Çatalyürek

In this paper we study the problem of coloring a unit interval graph which changes dynamically. In our model the unit intervals are added or removed one at the time, and have to be colored immediately, so that no two overlapping intervals…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Bartłomiej Bosek , Anna Zych-Pawlewicz

Irregular computations on unstructured data are an important class of problems for parallel programming. Graph coloring is often an important preprocessing step, e.g. as a way to perform dependency analysis for safe parallel execution. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-05-19 Georgios Rokos , Gerard Gorman , Paul H J Kelly

We define the $d$-defective incidence chromatic number of a graph, generalizing the notion of incidence chromatic number, and determine it for some classes of graphs including trees, complete bipartite graphs, complete graphs, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-09 Huimin Bi , Xin Zhang

Color refinement is a crucial subroutine in symmetry detection in theory as well as practice. It has further applications in machine learning and in computational problems from linear algebra. While tight lower bounds for the worst case…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Markus Anders , Pascal Schweitzer , Florian Wetzels

Consider a graph whose vertices are colored in one of two colors, say black or white. A white vertex is called integrated if it has at least as many black neighbors as white neighbors, and similarly for a black vertex. The coloring as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-10 Charles Burnette , Broden Caton , Olivia Coward , Julian Davis , Austin Teter

A method for improving the efficiency of graph isomorphism testing is presented. The method uses the structure of the graph colored by vertex hash codes as a means of partitioning vertices into equivalence classes, which in turn reduces the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-02 Thomas E. Portegys

Color coding is an algorithmic technique used in parameterized complexity theory to detect "small" structures inside graphs. The idea is to derandomize algorithms that first randomly color a graph and then search for an easily-detectable,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-01-14 Max Bannach , Till Tantau

Node coloring is the task of assigning colors to the nodes of a graph such that no two adjacent nodes have the same color, while using as few colors as possible. It is the most widely studied instance of graph coloring and of central…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-09 Knut Vanderbush , Melanie Weber

With the rise of modern search and recommendation platforms, insufficient collaborative information of cold-start items exacerbates the Matthew effect of existing platform items, challenging platform diversity and becoming a longstanding…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Qihang Zhao , Zhongbo Sun , Xiaoyang Zheng , Xian Guo , Siyuan Wang , Zihan Liang , Mingcan Peng , Ben Chen , Chenyi Lei

This paper presents a novel method for efficient image retrieval, based on a simple and effective hashing of CNN features and the use of an indexing structure based on Bloom filters. These filters are used as gatekeepers for the database of…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-05-04 Andrea Salvi , Simone Ercoli , Marco Bertini , Alberto Del Bimbo

The CFI-graphs, named after Cai, F\"urer, and Immerman, are central to the study of the graph isomorphism testing and of first-order logic with counting. They are colored graphs, and the coloring plays a role in many of their applications.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yijia Chen , Jörg Flum , Mingjun Liu

The Colour Refinement procedure and its generalisation to higher dimensions, the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm, are central subroutines in approaches to the graph isomorphism problem. In an iterative fashion, Colour Refinement computes a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Sandra Kiefer , Brendan D. McKay

Intrinsic image decomposition is a severely under-constrained problem. User interactions can help to reduce the ambiguity of the decomposition considerably. The traditional way of user interaction is to draw scribbles that indicate regions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-24 Yuanliu Liu , Zejian Yuan