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Enterprise documents such as forms, invoices, receipts, reports, contracts, and other similar records, often carry rich semantics at the intersection of textual and spatial modalities. The visual cues offered by their complex layouts play a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Dongsheng Wang , Natraj Raman , Mathieu Sibue , Zhiqiang Ma , Petr Babkin , Simerjot Kaur , Yulong Pei , Armineh Nourbakhsh , Xiaomo Liu

Document Layout analysis (DLA), is the process by which a page is parsed into meaningful elements, often using machine learning models. Typically, the quality of a model is judged using general object detection metrics such as IoU, F1 or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jonathan Bourne , Mwiza Simbeye , Ishtar Govia

Document structure analysis (aka document layout analysis) is crucial for understanding the physical layout and logical structure of documents, with applications in information retrieval, document summarization, knowledge extraction, etc.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Jiawei Wang , Kai Hu , Zhuoyao Zhong , Lei Sun , Qiang Huo

Understanding tables is an important aspect of natural language understanding. Existing models for table understanding require linearization of the table structure, where row or column order is encoded as an unwanted bias. Such spurious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Jingfeng Yang , Aditya Gupta , Shyam Upadhyay , Luheng He , Rahul Goel , Shachi Paul

Despite several successes in document understanding, the practical task for long document understanding is largely under-explored due to several challenges in computation and how to efficiently absorb long multimodal input. Most current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Hai Pham , Guoxin Wang , Yijuan Lu , Dinei Florencio , Cha Zhang

The advent of multimodal learning has brought a significant improvement in document AI. Documents are now treated as multimodal entities, incorporating both textual and visual information for downstream analysis. However, works in this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Nikitha SR , Tarun Ram Menta , Mausoom Sarkar

Documents often contain complex physical structures, which make the Document Layout Analysis (DLA) task challenging. As a pre-processing step for content extraction, DLA has the potential to capture rich information in historical or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Shoubin Li , Xuyan Ma , Shuaiqun Pan , Jun Hu , Lin Shi , Qing Wang

Advances in Visually Rich Document Understanding (VrDU) have enabled information extraction and question answering over documents with complex layouts. Two tropes of architectures have emerged -- transformer-based models inspired by LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Dongsheng Wang , Zhiqiang Ma , Armineh Nourbakhsh , Kang Gu , Sameena Shah

Document AI has advanced rapidly and is attracting increasing attention. Yet, while most efforts have focused on document layout analysis (DLA), its generative counterpart, layout generation, remains underexplored. Distinct from traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Hengrui Kang , Zhuangcheng Gu , Zhiyuan Zhao , Zichen Wen , Bin Wang , Weijia Li , Conghui He

LLMs typically linearize 2D tables into 1D sequences to fit their autoregressive architecture, which weakens row-column adjacency and other layout cues. In contrast, purely visual encoders can capture spatial cues, yet often struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jiancheng Dong , Pengyue Jia , Derong Xu , Jiawei Cheng , Jingyu Peng , Chao Zhang , Bowen Liu , Xin Sun , Lixin Su , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

Given the fact of a case, Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) involves a series of sub-tasks such as predicting violated law articles, charges and term of penalty. We propose leveraging a unified text-to-text Transformer for LJP, where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Yunyun Huang , Xiaoyu Shen , Chuanyi Li , Jidong Ge , Bin Luo

Every day, thousands of digital documents are generated with useful information for companies, public organizations, and citizens. Given the impossibility of processing them manually, the automatic processing of these documents is becoming…

The diversity of tables makes table detection a great challenge, leading to existing models becoming more tedious and complex. Despite achieving high performance, they often overfit to the table style in training set, and suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Yang Fan , Xiangping Wu , Qingcai Chen , Heng Li , Yan Huang , Zhixiang Cai , Qitian Wu

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of research works on the topic of form understanding in the context of scanned documents. We delve into recent advancements and breakthroughs in the field, highlighting the significance of language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Daniel Eberharter , Zoe Pfister , Adam Jatowt

We introduce a simple new approach to the problem of understanding documents where non-trivial layout influences the local semantics. To this end, we modify the Transformer encoder architecture in a way that allows it to use layout features…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Łukasz Garncarek , Rafał Powalski , Tomasz Stanisławek , Bartosz Topolski , Piotr Halama , Michał Turski , Filip Graliński

Transformers are effective and efficient at modeling complex relationships and learning patterns from structured data in many applications. The main aim of this paper is to propose and design NLAFormer, which is a transformer-based…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Zhantao Ma , Yihang Gao , Michael K. Ng

Accurate document parsing requires both robust content recognition and a stable parser interface. In explicit Document Layout Analysis (DLA) pipelines, downstream parsers do not consume the full detector output. Instead, they operate on a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Fuyuan Liu , Dianyu Yu , He Ren , Nayu Liu , Xiaomian Kang , Delai Qiu , Fa Zhang , Genpeng Zhen , Shengping Liu , Jiaen Liang , Wei Huang , Yining Wang , Junnan Zhu

Documents are core carriers of information and knowl-edge, with broad applications in finance, healthcare, and scientific research. Tables, as the main medium for structured data, encapsulate key information and are among the most critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Xuan Li , Jialiang Dong , Raymond Wong

We introduce Dessurt, a relatively simple document understanding transformer capable of being fine-tuned on a greater variety of document tasks than prior methods. It receives a document image and task string as input and generates…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Brian Davis , Bryan Morse , Bryan Price , Chris Tensmeyer , Curtis Wigington , Vlad Morariu

Layout is a fundamental component of any graphic design. Creating large varieties of plausible document layouts can be a tedious task, requiring numerous constraints to be satisfied, including local ones relating different semantic elements…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Akshay Gadi Patil , Omri Ben-Eliezer , Or Perel , Hadar Averbuch-Elor