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Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a powerful tool in machine learning, but understanding the learned representations and their underlying mechanisms remains a challenge. This paper presents an in-depth empirical analysis of SSL-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ido Ben-Shaul , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Tomer Galanti , Shai Dekel , Yann LeCun

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) constructs classifiers from datasets in which only a subset of observations is labelled, a situation that naturally arises because obtaining labels often requires expert judgement or costly manual effort. This…

Computation · Statistics 2025-12-09 Geoffrey J. McLachlan , Jinran Wu

Deep learning in general domains has constantly been extended to domain-specific tasks requiring the recognition of fine-grained characteristics. However, real-world applications for fine-grained tasks suffer from two challenges: a high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Sungnyun Kim , Sangmin Bae , Se-Young Yun

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has been a fundamental challenge in machine learning for decades. The primary family of SSL algorithms, known as pseudo-labeling, involves assigning pseudo-labels to confident unlabeled instances and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Muyang Li , Runze Wu , Haoyu Liu , Jun Yu , Xun Yang , Bo Han , Tongliang Liu

Integrating front-end speech enhancement (SE) models with self-supervised learning (SSL)-based speech models is effective for downstream tasks in noisy conditions. SE models are commonly fine-tuned using SSL representations with mean…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Amit Meghanani , Thomas Hain

Phishing websites remain a persistent cybersecurity threat by mimicking legitimate sites to steal sensitive user information. Existing machine learning-based detection methods often rely on supervised learning with labeled data, which not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-Wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah , Priyadarsi Nanda , Binyong Li

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) uses unlabeled data to improve the performance of machine learning models when labeled data is scarce. However, its real-world applications often face the label distribution mismatch problem, in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jinsoo Bae , Seoung Bum Kim , Hyungrok Do

Exploiting unlabeled data through semi-supervised learning (SSL) or leveraging pre-trained models via fine-tuning are two prevailing paradigms for addressing label-scarce scenarios. Recently, growing attention has been given to combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rui Zhu , Song-Lin Lv , Zi-Kang Wang , Lan-Zhe Guo

Federated Learning allows the training of machine learning models by using the computation and private data resources of many distributed clients. Most existing results on Federated Learning (FL) assume the clients have ground-truth labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

The ubiquity of camera-enabled mobile devices has lead to large amounts of unlabelled video data being produced at the edge. Although various self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have been proposed to harvest their latent spatio-temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Yasar Abbas Ur Rehman , Yan Gao , Jiajun Shen , Pedro Porto Buarque de Gusmao , Nicholas Lane

Recently proposed consistency-based Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) methods such as the $\Pi$-model, temporal ensembling, the mean teacher, or the virtual adversarial training, have advanced the state of the art in several SSL tasks. These…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-19 Atin Ghosh , Alexandre H. Thiery

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has proven to be a powerful approach for extracting biologically meaningful representations from single-cell data. To advance our understanding of SSL methods applied to single-cell data, we present…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-13 Olga Ovcharenko , Florian Barkmann , Philip Toma , Imant Daunhawer , Julia Vogt , Sebastian Schelter , Valentina Boeva

The lack of labeled data is a common challenge in speech classification tasks, particularly those requiring extensive subjective assessment, such as cognitive state classification. In this work, we propose a Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL)…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Yuanchao Li , Zixing Zhang , Jing Han , Peter Bell , Catherine Lai

Image-level weak-to-strong consistency serves as the predominant paradigm in semi-supervised learning~(SSL) due to its simplicity and impressive performance. Nonetheless, this approach confines all perturbations to the image level and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Zhiyu Wu , Jinshi Cui

Semi-supervised semantic segmentation (SSSS) faces persistent challenges in effectively leveraging unlabeled data, such as ineffective utilization of pseudo-labels, exacerbation of class imbalance biases, and neglect of prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ebenezer Tarubinga , Jenifer Kalafatovich , Seong-Whan Lee

In this paper, we introduce UnFuSeD, a novel approach to leverage self-supervised learning and reduce the need for large amounts of labeled data for audio classification. Unlike prior works, which directly fine-tune a self-supervised…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-19 Ashish Seth , Sreyan Ghosh , S. Umesh , Dinesh Manocha

We study semi-supervised learning (SSL) for vision transformers (ViT), an under-explored topic despite the wide adoption of the ViT architectures to different tasks. To tackle this problem, we propose a new SSL pipeline, consisting of first…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Zhaowei Cai , Avinash Ravichandran , Paolo Favaro , Manchen Wang , Davide Modolo , Rahul Bhotika , Zhuowen Tu , Stefano Soatto

There has been increasing attention to semi-supervised learning (SSL) approaches in machine learning to forming a classifier in situations where the training data for a classifier consists of a limited number of classified observations but…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-10 Daniel Ahfock , Geoffrey J. McLachlan

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has proven to be a promising way for leveraging unlabeled data when labeled data is scarce, the existing SSL algorithms typically assume that training class distributions are balanced. However, these SSL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Jaehyung Kim , Youngbum Hur , Sejun Park , Eunho Yang , Sung Ju Hwang , Jinwoo Shin

Published research highlights the presence of demographic bias in automated facial attribute classification. The proposed bias mitigation techniques are mostly based on supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Sreeraj Ramachandran , Ajita Rattani