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With increasingly more sophisticated phishing campaigns in recent years, phishing emails lure people using more legitimate-looking personal contexts. To tackle this problem, instead of traditional heuristics-based algorithms, more adaptive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yuwei Sun , Ng Chong , Hideya Ochiai

With the rapid development of large language models, the potential threat of their malicious use, particularly in generating phishing content, is becoming increasingly prevalent. Leveraging the capabilities of LLMs, malicious users can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yan Pang , Wenlong Meng , Xiaojing Liao , Tianhao Wang

Phishing emails are a critical component of the cybercrime kill chain due to their wide reach and low cost. Their ever-evolving nature renders traditional rule-based and feature-engineered detectors ineffective in the ongoing arms race…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ruofan Liu , Yun Lin , Silas Yeo Shuen Yu , Xiwen Teoh , Zhenkai Liang , Jin Song Dong

Phishing attacks continue to be a significant threat on the Internet. Prior studies show that it is possible to determine whether a website is phishing or not just by analyzing its URL more carefully. A major advantage of the URL based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Harshal Tupsamudre , Sparsh Jain , Sachin Lodha

Big Data has become central to modern applications in finance, insurance, and cybersecurity, enabling machine learning systems to perform large-scale risk assessments and fraud detection. However, the increasing dependence on automated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Ayush Jain , Rahul Kulkarni , Siyi Lin

Phishing emails typically masquerade themselves as reputable identities to trick people into providing sensitive information and credentials. Despite advancements in cybersecurity, attackers continuously adapt, posing ongoing threats to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Jared Daniel Recomendable , Giovanni Russello , Danielle Lottridge

Phishing is one of the main points of compromise, with email security and awareness being estimated at \$50-100B in 2022. There is great need for email forensics capability to quickly search for malicious content. A novel solution POST is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jeffrey Fairbanks

The way we communicate and work has changed significantly with the rise of the Internet. While it has opened up new opportunities, it has also brought about an increase in cyber threats. One common and serious threat is phishing, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Furkan Çolhak , Mert İlhan Ecevit , Bilal Emir Uçar , Reiner Creutzburg , Hasan Dağ

Phishing attacks represent an increasingly sophisticated and pervasive threat to individuals and organizations, causing significant financial losses, identity theft, and severe damage to institutional reputations. Existing phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Lohith Srikanth Pentapalli , Jon Salisbury , Josette Riep , Kelly Cohen

Phishing is a kind of attack in which criminals use spoofed emails and fraudulent web sites to trick financial organization and customers. Criminals try to lure online users by convincing them to reveal the username, passwords, credit card…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-02-05 Ammar ALmomani , B. B. Gupta , Tat-Chee Wan , Altyeb Altaher , Selvakumar Manickam

Phishing attacks on enterprise employees present one of the most costly and potent threats to organizations. We explore an understudied facet of enterprise phishing attacks: the email relay infrastructure behind successfully delivered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Elisa Luo , Liane Young , Grant Ho , M. H. Afifi , Marco Schweighauser , Ethan Katz-Bassett , Asaf Cidon

The escalating sophistication of phishing emails necessitates a shift beyond traditional rule-based and conventional machine-learning-based detectors. Although large language models (LLMs) offer strong natural language understanding, using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Abrar Hamed Al Barwani , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Raja Waseem Anwar

Research shows that phishing emails often utilize persuasion techniques, such as social proof, liking, consistency, authority, scarcity, and reciprocity to gain trust to obtain sensitive information or maliciously infect devices. The link…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Kalam Khadka , Abu Barkat Ullah , Wanli Ma , Elisa Martinez Marroquin

Misclassifications in spam and phishing detection are very harmful, as false negatives expose users to attacks while false positives degrade trust. Existing uncertainty-based detectors can flag potential errors, but possibly be deceived and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Qi Zhang , Dian Chen , Lance M. Kaplan , Audun Jøsang , Dong Hyun Jeong , Feng Chen , Jin-Hee Cho

Phishing attacks targeting both organizations and individuals are becoming an increasingly significant threat as technology advances. Current automatic detection methods often lack explainability and robustness in detecting new phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Maria Chiper , Radu Tudor Ionescu

Phishing remains a pervasive and growing threat, inflicting heavy economic and reputational damage. While machine learning has been effective in real-time detection of phishing attacks, progress is hindered by lack of large, high-quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Thomas Dalton , Hemanth Gowda , Girish Rao , Sachin Pargi , Alireza Hadj Khodabakhshi , Joseph Rombs , Stephan Jou , Manish Marwah

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened the threat of phishing emails by enabling the generation of highly targeted, personalized, and automated attacks. Traditionally, many phishing emails have been characterized by…

Phishing is a major problem on the Web. Despite the significant attention it has received over the years, there has been no definitive solution. While the state-of-the-art solutions have reasonably good performance, they require a large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-04-26 Samuel Marchal , Kalle Saari , Nidhi Singh , N. Asokan

Cybersecurity vendors consistently apply AI (Artificial Intelligence) to their solutions and many cybersecurity domains can benefit from AI technology. However, black-box AI techniques present some difficulties in comprehension and adoption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Carlos Mendes , Tatiane Nogueira Rios

Phishing attacks remain a critical cybersecurity threat. Attackers constantly refine their methods, making phishing emails harder to detect. Traditional detection methods, including rule-based systems and supervised machine learning models,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ngoc Tuong Vy Nguyen , Felix D Childress , Yunting Yin
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