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Phishing and related cyber threats are becoming more varied and technologically advanced. Among these, email-based phishing remains the most dominant and persistent threat. These attacks exploit human vulnerabilities to disseminate malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Sajad U P

Phishing attacks trick victims into disclosing sensitive information. To counter rapidly evolving attacks, we must explore machine learning and deep learning models leveraging large-scale data. We discuss models built on different kinds of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Dinil Mon Divakaran , Adam Oest

Developments in artificial intelligence (AI) are likely to affect social engineering and change cyber defense operations. The broad and sweeping nature of AI impact means that many aspects of social engineering could be automated,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Krystal A. Jackson

The threat of phishing attacks in financial systems is continuously growing. Therefore, protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access is paramount. This paper discusses the critical need for robust email phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Novruz Amirov , Leminur Celik , Egemen Ali Caner , Emre Yurdakul , Fahri Anil Yerlikaya , Serif Bahtiyar

Enterprise security is increasingly being threatened by social engineering attacks, such as phishing, which deceive employees into giving access to enterprise data. To protect both the users themselves and enterprise data, more and more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mithün Paul , Genevieve Bartlett , Jelena Mirkovic , Marjorie Freedman

With the growth in digital transformation and Internet usage, the Social Engineering techniques such as Phishing have become a major concern for the users and the organizations. Phishing attacks involve deceptive techniques to trick users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nikhil Kumar Dora , Sumit Kumar Tetarave , Rishikesh Sahay , Madhusudan Singh , Xiaoqing Li

Sophisticated phishing attacks have emerged as a major cybersecurity threat, becoming more common and difficult to prevent. Though machine learning techniques have shown promise in detecting phishing attacks, they function mainly as "black…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Bryan Lim , Roman Huerta , Alejandro Sotelo , Anthonie Quintela , Priyanka Kumar

Every day, our inboxes are flooded with unsolicited emails, ranging between annoying spam to more subtle phishing scams. Unfortunately, despite abundant prior efforts proposing solutions achieving near-perfect accuracy, the reality is that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Luca Pajola , Eugenio Caripoti , Stefan Banzer , Simeone Pizzi , Mauro Conti , Giovanni Apruzzese

Phishing is one of the most effective ways in which cybercriminals get sensitive details such as credentials for online banking, digital wallets, state secrets, and many more from potential victims. They do this by spamming users with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai , Amy Waggler , Olukunle Kolade , Bolanle Hafiz Matti

Email phishing has become more prevalent and grows more sophisticated over time. To combat this rise, many machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting phishing emails have been developed. However, due to the limited email data sets on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Mariya Shmalko , Alsharif Abuadbba , Raj Gaire , Tingmin Wu , Hye-Young Paik , Surya Nepal

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of large language models to conduct personalized phishing attacks and compare their performance with human experts and AI models from last year. We include four email groups with a combined total of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Fred Heiding , Simon Lermen , Andrew Kao , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath

The escalating threat of phishing emails has become increasingly sophisticated with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). As attackers exploit LLMs to craft more convincing and evasive phishing emails, it is crucial to assess the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Khalifa Afane , Wenqi Wei , Ying Mao , Junaid Farooq , Juntao Chen

Phishing emails continue to pose a significant threat to cybersecurity by exploiting human vulnerabilities through deceptive content and malicious payloads. While Machine Learning (ML) models are effective at detecting phishing threats,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Paulo Mendes , Eva Maia , Isabel Praça

Phishing is the most prevalent type of cyber-attack today and is recognized as the leading source of data breaches with significant consequences for both individuals and corporations. Web-based phishing attacks are the most frequent with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Muhammad Fahad Zia , Sri Harish Kalidass

Large language models(LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on many natural language processing(NLP) tasks and have been employed in phishing email detection research. However, in current studies, well-performing LLMs typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Zijie Lin , Zikang Liu , Hanbo Fan

Anomalies in emails such as phishing and spam present major security risks such as the loss of privacy, money, and brand reputation to both individuals and organizations. Previous studies on email anomaly detection relied on a single type…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Craig Beaman , Haruna Isah

Phishing remains a pervasive cyber threat, as attackers craft deceptive emails to lure victims into revealing sensitive information. While Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular, deep learning, has become a key component in defending…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

With the generalization of mobile communication systems, solicitations of all kinds in the form of messages and emails are received by users with increasing proportion of malicious ones. They are customized to pass anti-spam filters and ask…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-30 P-Y. Cousin , V. Bernard , A. Lefaillet , M. Mugaruka , C. Raibaud

The proliferation of phishing sites and emails poses significant challenges to existing cybersecurity efforts. Despite advances in malicious email filters and email security protocols, problems with oversight and false positives persist.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Takashi Koide , Naoki Fukushi , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

Anti-phishing aims to detect phishing content/documents in a pool of textual data. This is an important problem in cybersecurity that can help to guard users from fraudulent information. Natural language processing (NLP) offers a natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-07 Minh Nguyen , Toan Nguyen , Thien Huu Nguyen