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The rapid spread of text generated by large language models (LLMs) makes it increasingly difficult to distinguish authentic human writing from machine output. Watermarking offers a promising solution: model owners can embed an imperceptible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Shingo Kodama , Haya Diwan , Lucas Rosenblatt , R. Teal Witter , Niv Cohen

Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) are widely used in industry and academia for their high accuracy and efficiency, particularly on structured data. However, watermarking GBDT models remains underexplored compared to neural networks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jun Woo Chung , Yingjie Lao , Weijie Zhao

We propose a novel multi-bit box-free watermarking method for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) of GANs with improved robustness against white-box attacks like fine-tuning, pruning, quantization, and surrogate model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Jianwei Fei , Zhihua Xia , Benedetta Tondi , Mauro Barni

Generative models are now capable of synthesizing images, speeches, and videos that are hardly distinguishable from authentic contents. Such capabilities cause concerns such as malicious impersonation and IP theft. This paper investigates a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Yongbaek Cho , Changhoon Kim , Yezhou Yang , Yi Ren

Watermarking combines an imperceptible change to an input image that will trigger a detector, to assert provenance and protect intellectual property. The literature has shown great interest in attacks on watermarking schemes: attackers are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Maria Bulychev , Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

While text-to-image models offer numerous benefits, they also pose significant societal risks. Detecting AI-generated images is crucial for mitigating these risks. Detection methods can be broadly categorized into passive and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Moyang Guo , Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Zeyu Li , Amir Sadovnik , Arka Daw , Neil Gong

Watermarking has emerged as a pivotal solution for content traceability and intellectual property protection in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, vision-agnostic watermarks introduce visually irrelevant tokens and disrupt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Qi Zheng , Shuliang Liu , Yu Huang , Sihang Jia , Jungang Li , Lyuhao Chen , Junhao Chen , Hanqian Li , Aiwei Liu , Yibo Yan , Xuming Hu

The rise in malicious usage of large language models, such as fake content creation and academic plagiarism, has motivated the development of approaches that identify AI-generated text, including those based on watermarking or outlier…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Kalpesh Krishna , Yixiao Song , Marzena Karpinska , John Wieting , Mohit Iyyer

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

Watermarking is an important copyright protection technology which generally embeds the identity information into the carrier imperceptibly. Then the identity can be extracted to prove the copyright from the watermarked carrier even after…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Sulong Ge , Zhihua Xia , Jianwei Fei , Xingming Sun , Jian Weng

The rapid advancement of generative AI has underscored the critical need for identifying image ownership and protecting copyrights. This makes post-processing image watermarking an essential tool -- it involves embedding a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xinyu Zhang , Ziping Dong , Qingyu Liu , Yuan Hong , Zhongjie Ba , Kui Ren

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution to counter harmful or deceptive AI-generated content by embedding hidden identifiers that trace content origins. However, the robustness of current watermarking techniques is still largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaodong Wu , Tianyi Tang , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni , Yong Yu

Digital multimedia watermarking technology was suggested in the last decade to embed copyright information in digital objects such images, audio and video. However, the increasing use of relational database systems in many real-life…

Databases · Computer Science 2013-04-29 Jun Ziang Pinn , A. Fr. Zung

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has revolutionized content creation across text, visual, and audio domains, simultaneously introducing significant risks such as misinformation, identity fraud, and content…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Lele Cao

In fragile watermarking, a sensitive watermark is embedded in an object in a manner such that the watermark breaks upon tampering. This fragile process can be used to ensure the integrity and source of watermarked objects. While fragile…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Preston K. Robinette , Dung T. Nguyen , Samuel Sasaki , Taylor T. Johnson

Digital image watermarking is the process of embedding and extracting a watermark covertly on a cover-image. To dynamically adapt image watermarking algorithms, deep learning-based image watermarking schemes have attracted increased…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xin Zhong , Pei-Chi Huang , Spyridon Mastorakis , Frank Y. Shih

As large language models (LLM) are increasingly used for text generation tasks, it is critical to audit their usages, govern their applications, and mitigate their potential harms. Existing watermark techniques are shown effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Chaoyi Zhu , Jeroen Galjaard , Pin-Yu Chen , Lydia Y. Chen

The state of the art performance of deep learning models comes at a high cost for companies and institutions, due to the tedious data collection and the heavy processing requirements. Recently, [35, 22] proposed to watermark convolutional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Erwan Le Merrer , Patrick Perez , Gilles Trédan

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Generative models have rapidly evolved to generate realistic outputs. However, their synthetic outputs increasingly challenge the clear distinction between natural and AI-generated content, necessitating robust watermarking techniques.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Kasra Arabi , R. Teal Witter , Chinmay Hegde , Niv Cohen
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