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Seminal results establish that the coverability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) is in EXPSPACE (Rackoff, '78) and is EXPSPACE-hard already under unary encodings (Lipton, '76). More precisely, Rosier and Yen later…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Marvin Künnemann , Filip Mazowiecki , Lia Schütze , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Karol Węgrzycki

We show that the regular separability problem of VASS reachability languages is decidable and $\mathbf{F}_{\omega}$-complete. At the heart of our decision procedure are doubly-marked graph transition sequences, a new proof object that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Eren Keskin , Roland Meyer

Does the trace language of a given vector addition system (VAS) intersect with a given context-free language? This question lies at the heart of several verification questions involving recursive programs with integer parameters. In…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-04-30 Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre , Patrick Totzke

Multi-pushdown systems are a standard model for concurrent recursive programs, but they have an undecidable reachability problem. Therefore, there have been several proposals to underapproximate their sets of runs so that reachability in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Aneesh K. Shetty , S. Krishna , Georg Zetzsche

We consider history-determinism, a restricted form of non-determinism, for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) when used as acceptors to recognise languages of finite words. History-determinism requires that the non-deterministic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Sougata Bose , David Purser , Patrick Totzke

We consider the decidability of state-to-state reachability in linear time-invariant control systems over continuous time. We analyse this problem with respect to the allowable control sets, which are assumed to be the image under a linear…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-16 Mohan Dantam , Amaury Pouly

Well-structured transition systems (WSTS) are an abstract family of systems that encompasses a vast landscape of infinite-state systems. By requiring a well-quasi-ordering (wqo) on the set of states, a WSTS enables generic algorithms for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Ashwani Anand , Sylvain Schmitz , Lia Schütze , Georg Zetzsche

In this work, we extend undecidability of language equivalence for two-dimensional Vector Addition System with States (VASS) accepting by coverability condition. We show that the problem is undecidable even when one of the two-dimensional…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

The geometric dimension of a Vector Addition System with States (VASS), emerged in Leroux and Schmitz (2019) and formalized by Fu, Yang, and Zheng (2024), quantifies the dimension of the vector space spanned by cycle effects in the system.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Yangluo Zheng

We consider the decidability of state-to-state reachability in linear time-invariant control systems over discrete time. We analyse this problem with respect to the allowable control sets, which in general are assumed to be defined by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-19 Nathanaël Fijalkow , Joël Ouaknine , Amaury Pouly , João Sousa-Pinto , James Worrell

A complete characterization of the complexity of the reachability problem for vector addition system has been open for a long time. The problem is shown to be Tower complete.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Yuxi Fu , Qizhe Yang

We study the language universality problem for One-Counter Nets, also known as 1-dimensional Vector Addition Systems with States (1-VASS), parameterized either with an initial counter value, or with an upper bound on the allowed counter…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Shaull Almagor , Udi Boker , Piotr Hofman , Patrick Totzke

We introduce the well structured problem as the question of whether a model (here a counter machine) is well structured (here for the usual ordering on integers). We show that it is undecidable for most of the (Presburger-defined) counter…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Alain Finkel , Ekanshdeep Gupta

The aim of this paper is to deliver broad understanding of a class of languages of boundedly-ambiguous VASS, that is k-ambiguous VASS for some natural k. These are languages of Vector Addition Systems with States with the acceptance…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

Counters that hold natural numbers are ubiquitous in modeling and verifying software systems; for example, they model dynamic creation and use of resources in concurrent programs. Unfortunately, such discrete counters often lead to…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-27 A. R. Balasubramanian , Matthew Hague , Rupak Majumdar , Ramanathan S. Thinniyam , Georg Zetzsche

Reachability for piecewise affine systems is known to be undecidable, starting from dimension $2$. In this paper we investigate the exact complexity of several decidable variants of reachability and control questions for piecewise affine…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-01-18 Hugo Bazille , Olivier Bournez , Walid Gomaa , Amaury Pouly

In many kinds of infinite-state systems, the coverability problem has significantly lower complexity than the reachability problem. In order to delineate the border of computational hardness between coverability and reachability, we propose…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yousef Shakiba , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Georg Zetzsche

The reachability problem in vector addition systems is a central question, not only for the static verification of these systems, but also for many inter-reducible decision problems occurring in various fields. The currently best known…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

Iterative imperative programs can be considered as infinite-state systems computing over possibly unbounded domains. Studying reachability in these systems is challenging as it requires to deal with an infinite number of states with…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-02-15 Arnaud Gotlieb , Tristan Denmat , Nadjib Lazaar

Multi-stack pushdown systems are a well-studied model of concurrent computation using threads with first-order procedure calls. While, in general, reachability is undecidable, there are numerous restrictions on stack behaviour that lead to…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-11 Matthew Hague