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Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently emerged as a promising approach for solving the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT), offering potential alternatives to traditional backtracking or local search SAT solvers. However, despite the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Zhaoyu Li , Jinpei Guo , Xujie Si

In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of graph neural networks applied to Boolean satisfiability problems, accompanied by an intuitive explanation of the mechanisms enabling the model to generalize to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 David Mojžíšek , Jan Hůla , Ziwei Li , Ziyu Zhou , Mikoláš Janota

Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is fundamental to many applications. Existing works have used graph neural networks (GNNs) for (approximate) SAT solving. Typical GNN-based end-to-end SAT solvers predict SAT solutions concurrently. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Min Li , Zhengyuan Shi , Wenjie Zhang , Yingcong Chen , Hongce Zhang

The Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT), as the prototypical $\mathsf{NP}$-complete problem, is crucial in both theoretical computer science and practical applications. To address this problem, stochastic local search (SLS) algorithms,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Maximilian J. Kramer , Paul Boes , Jens Eisert

In this work, we present a novel technique for GPU-accelerated Boolean satisfiability (SAT) sampling. Unlike conventional sampling algorithms that directly operate on conjunctive normal form (CNF), our method transforms the logical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Arash Ardakani , Minwoo Kang , Kevin He , Qijing Huang , John Wawrzynek

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have gathered increasing interest as learnable solvers of Boolean Satisfiability Problems (SATs), operating on graph representations of logical formulas. However, their performance degrades sharply on harder and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Geri Skenderi

With the rapid development of deep learning techniques, various recent work has tried to apply graph neural networks (GNNs) to solve NP-hard problems such as Boolean Satisfiability (SAT), which shows the potential in bridging the gap…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Minghao Liu , Fuqi Jia , Pei Huang , Fan Zhang , Yuchen Sun , Shaowei Cai , Feifei Ma , Jian Zhang

In this paper we explore whether or not deep neural architectures can learn to classify Boolean satisfiability (SAT). We devote considerable time to discussing the theoretical properties of SAT. Then, we define a graph representation for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-14 Benedikt Bünz , Matthew Lamm

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is an NP-complete problem that impacts many research fields, such as planning, verification, and security. Mainstream modern SAT solvers are based on the Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) algorithm.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Wenxi Wang , Yang Hu , Mohit Tiwari , Sarfraz Khurshid , Kenneth McMillan , Risto Miikkulainen

The Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem is the canonical NP-complete problem and is fundamental to computer science, with a wide array of applications in planning, verification, and theorem proving. Developing and evaluating practical SAT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Jiaxuan You , Haoze Wu , Clark Barrett , Raghuram Ramanujan , Jure Leskovec

Machine learning approaches to solving Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) aim to replace handcrafted heuristics with learning-based models. Graph Neural Networks have emerged as the main architecture for SAT solving, due to the natural graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Saku Peltonen , Roger Wattenhofer

While accelerated computing has transformed many domains of computing, its impact on logical reasoning, specifically Boolean satisfiability (SAT), remains limited. State-of-the-art SAT solvers rely heavily on inherently sequential…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Steve Dai , Cunxi Yu , Kalyan Krishnamani , Brucek Khailany

We present Graph-$Q$-SAT, a branching heuristic for a Boolean SAT solver trained with value-based reinforcement learning (RL) using Graph Neural Networks for function approximation. Solvers using Graph-$Q$-SAT are complete SAT solvers that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Vitaly Kurin , Saad Godil , Shimon Whiteson , Bryan Catanzaro

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is a fundamental NP-complete problem with many applications, including automated planning and scheduling. To solve large instances, SAT solvers have to rely on heuristics, e.g., choosing a branching variable in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mikhail Shirokikh , Ilya Shenbin , Anton Alekseev , Sergey Nikolenko

Satisfiability (SAT) solvers based on techniques such as conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) have produced excellent performance on both synthetic and real world industrial problems. While these CDCL solvers only operate on a per-problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yi Fu , Anthony Tompkins , Yang Song , Maurice Pagnucco

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been recently leveraged to solve several logical reasoning tasks. Nevertheless, counting problems such as propositional model counting (#SAT) are still mostly approached with traditional solvers. Here we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Gaia Saveri , Luca Bortolussi

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown promising performance in solving both Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problems due to their ability to efficiently model and capture the structural dependencies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Qiyue Chen , Shaolin Tan , Suixiang Gao , Jinhu Lü

Learning-based approaches to NP-hard problems have shown increasing promise, but their progress is fundamentally constrained by the high cost of generating labeled training data. In domains such as Boolean satisfiability (SAT), standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Eshed Gal , Uri Ascher , Eldad Haber

Satisfiability of boolean formulae (SAT) has been a topic of research in logic and computer science for a long time. In this paper we are interested in understanding the structure of satisfiable and unsatisfiable sentences. In previous work…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-25 Vaibhav Karve , Anil N. Hirani

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, the first problem proven to be NP-complete, has become a fundamental challenge in computational complexity, with widespread applications in optimization and verification across many domains. Despite…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Curie Kim , Carsten Portner , Mingju Liu , Steve Dai , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany , Alvaro Velasquez , Ismail Alkhouri , Cunxi Yu
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