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Large language models (LLMs) enable researchers to analyze text at unprecedented scale and minimal cost. Researchers can now revisit old questions and tackle novel ones with rich data. We provide an econometric framework for realizing this…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-08 Jens Ludwig , Sendhil Mullainathan , Ashesh Rambachan

Recent work exploring the capabilities of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to act as general pattern machines by completing complex token sequences representing a wide array of tasks, including…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Seyed Parsa Neshaei , Richard Lee Davis , Adam Hazimeh , Bojan Lazarevski , Pierre Dillenbourg , Tanja Käser

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). LLMs require an extreme amount of parameters to attain high performance. As models grow into the trillion-parameter range,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam , Sándor Szénási , Gábor Kertész

Optimization can be found in many real-life applications. Designing an effective algorithm for a specific optimization problem typically requires a tedious amount of effort from human experts with domain knowledge and algorithm design…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Fei Liu , Xialiang Tong , Mingxuan Yuan , Qingfu Zhang

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is widely used to train large language models (LLMs). However, it is unclear whether LLMs accurately learn the underlying preferences in human feedback data. We coin the term \textit{Learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Luke Marks , Amir Abdullah , Clement Neo , Rauno Arike , David Krueger , Philip Torr , Fazl Barez

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed the natural language processing landscape and brought to life diverse applications. Pretraining on vast web-scale data has laid the foundation for these models, yet the research community is now…

Recent research explores optimization using large language models (LLMs) by either iteratively seeking next-step solutions from LLMs or directly prompting LLMs for an optimizer. However, these approaches exhibit inherent limitations,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Zeyuan Ma , Hongshu Guo , Jiacheng Chen , Guojun Peng , Zhiguang Cao , Yining Ma , Yue-Jiao Gong

Algorithms that use Large Language Models (LLMs) to evolve code arrived on the Genetic Programming (GP) scene very recently. We present LLM GP, a formalized LLM-based evolutionary algorithm designed to evolve code. Like GP, it uses…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Erik Hemberg , Stephen Moskal , Una-May O'Reilly

This paper explores the advancements in making large language models (LLMs) more human-like. We focus on techniques that enhance natural language understanding, conversational coherence, and emotional intelligence in AI systems. The study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ethem Yağız Çalık , Talha Rüzgar Akkuş

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming various fields, and their potential in Business Process Management (BPM) is substantial. This paper assesses the capabilities of LLMs on business process modeling using a framework for…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Humam Kourani , Alessandro Berti , Daniel Schuster , Wil M. P. van der Aalst

Designing effective reward functions is crucial to training reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. However, this design is non-trivial, even for domain experts, due to the subjective nature of certain tasks that are hard to quantify…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Rishi Hazra , Alkis Sygkounas , Andreas Persson , Amy Loutfi , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known for their expensive and time-consuming training. Thus, oftentimes, LLMs are fine-tuned to address a specific task, given the pretrained weights of a pre-trained LLM considered a foundation model. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Eshed Gal , Moshe Eliasof , Javier Turek , Uri Ascher , Eran Treister , Eldad Haber

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen great advance in both academia and industry, and their popularity results in numerous open-source frameworks and techniques in accelerating LLM pre-training, fine-tuning, and inference. Training and…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Longteng Zhang , Xiang Liu , Zeyu Li , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Ruibo Fan , Rui Guo , Xin Wang , Qiong Luo , Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing. However, their internal mechanisms are still unclear and this lack of transparency poses unwanted risks for downstream applications.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Haiyan Zhao , Hanjie Chen , Fan Yang , Ninghao Liu , Huiqi Deng , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Mengnan Du

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, improving them solely through human supervision is becoming increasingly costly and limited in scalability. As models approach human-level capabilities in certain domains, human feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Haoyan Yang , Mario Xerri , Solha Park , Huajian Zhang , Yiyang Feng , Sai Akhil Kogilathota , Jiawei Zhou

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations play a central role in contemporary financial decision-making. In parallel, Large Language Model (LLM) applications in this domain have primarily emphasized well-defined…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Gabriel Assis , Ayrton Surica , Pedro Kroll , Gabriela Aires , Darian Rabbani , Edson Bollis , Lucas Pellicer , Aline Paes

Error correction (EC) models play a crucial role in refining Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) transcriptions, enhancing the readability and quality of transcriptions. Without requiring access to the underlying code or model weights, EC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Rao Ma , Mengjie Qian , Mark Gales , Kate Knill

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. While these models excel in general complex reasoning tasks, they still face challenges in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Graziano A. Manduzio , Federico A. Galatolo , Mario G. C. A. Cimino , Enzo Pasquale Scilingo , Lorenzo Cominelli

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress across various fields and have exhibited strong potential in evolutionary computation, such as generating new solutions and automating algorithm design. Surrogate-assisted…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Hao Hao , Xiaoqun Zhang , Aimin Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing tasks, but their massive size and computational demands hinder their deployment in resource-constrained environments. Existing model pruning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Shangyu Wu , Hongchao Du , Ying Xiong , Shuai Chen , Tei-Wei Kuo , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue