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This paper presents the Functional Machine Calculus (FMC) as a simple model of higher-order computation with "reader/writer" effects: higher-order mutable store, input/output, and probabilistic and non-deterministic computation. The FMC…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Willem Heijltjes

The Functional Machine Calculus (FMC) was recently introduced as a generalization of the lambda-calculus to include higher-order global state, probabilistic and non-deterministic choice, and input and output, while retaining confluence. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Chris Barrett

The Functional Machine Calculus (FMC), recently introduced by the authors, is a generalization of the lambda-calculus which may faithfully encode the effects of higher-order mutable store, I/O and probabilistic/non-deterministic input.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Chris Barrett , Willem Heijltjes , Guy McCusker

The Functional Machine Calculus (Heijltjes 2022) is a new approach to unifying the imperative and functional programming paradigms. It extends the lambda-calculus, preserving the key features of confluent reduction and typed termination, to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Willem Heijltjes

We extend the {\lambda}-calculus with constructs suitable for relational and functional-logic programming: non-deterministic choice, fresh variable introduction, and unification of expressions. In order to be able to unify…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Pablo Barenbaum , Federico Lochbaum , Mariana Milicich

The Functional Machine Calculus (FMC, Heijltjes 2022) extends the lambda-calculus with the computational effects of global mutable store, input/output, and probabilistic choice while maintaining confluent reduction and simply-typed strong…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Willem Heijltjes

LLMs are increasingly used as general-purpose reasoners, but long inputs remain bottlenecked by a fixed context window. Recursive Language Models (RLMs) address this by externalising the prompt and recursively solving subproblems. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Amartya Roy , Rasul Tutunov , Xiaotong Ji , Matthieu Zimmer , Haitham Bou-Ammar

First-order model counting (FOMC) is the problem of counting the number of models of a sentence in first-order logic. Since lifted inference techniques rely on reductions to variants of FOMC, the design of scalable methods for FOMC has…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Ananth K. Kidambi , Guramrit Singh , Paulius Dilkas , Kuldeep S. Meel

We develop the operational semantics of an untyped probabilistic lambda-calculus with continuous distributions, as a foundation for universal probabilistic programming languages such as Church, Anglican, and Venture. Our first contribution…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-01-24 Johannes Borgström , Ugo Dal Lago , Andrew D. Gordon , Marcin Szymczak

Just as the $\lambda$-calculus uses three primitives (abstraction, application, variable) as the foundation of functional programming, inheritance-calculus uses three primitives (record, definition, inheritance) as the foundation of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Bo Yang

Crary and Sullivan's Relaxed Memory Calculus (RMC) proposed a new declarative approach for writing low-level shared memory concurrent programs in the presence of modern relaxed-memory multi-processor architectures and optimizing compilers.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-04-12 Michael J. Sullivan , Karl Crary , Salil Joshi

In this paper we study MapReduce computations from a complexity-theoretic perspective. First, we formulate a uniform version of the MRC model of Karloff et al. (2010). We then show that the class of regular languages, and moreover all of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-10-07 Benjamin Fish , Jeremy Kun , Ádám Dániel Lelkes , Lev Reyzin , György Turán

With a view towards models of quantum computation and/or the interpretation of linear logic, we define a functional language where all functions are linear operators by construction. A small step operational semantic (and hence an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-29 Pablo Arrighi , Gilles Dowek

The lambda calculus since more than half a century is a model and foundation of functional programming languages. However, lambda expressions can be evaluated with different reduction strategies and thus, there is no fixed cost model nor…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Tomasz Drab

Programs with control are usually modeled using lambda calculus extended with control operators. Instead of modifying lambda calculus, we consider a different model of computation. We introduce continuation calculus, or CC, a deterministic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-09-06 Bram Geron , Herman Geuvers

To support the understanding of declarative probabilistic programming languages, we introduce a lambda-calculus with a fair binary probabilistic choice that chooses between its arguments with equal probability. The reduction strategy of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-05-31 David Sabel , Manfred Schmidt-Schauß , Luca Maio

The sequent calculus is a proof system which was designed as a more symmetric alternative to natural deduction. The {\lambda}{\mu}{\mu}-calculus is a term assignment system for the sequent calculus and a great foundation for compiler…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-29 David Binder , Marco Tzschentke , Marius Müller , Klaus Ostermann

Reversible computing is motivated by both pragmatic and foundational considerations arising from a variety of disciplines. We take a particular path through the development of reversible computation, emphasizing compositional reversible…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Jacques Carette , Chris Heunen , Robin Kaarsgaard , Amr Sabry

Memory-based neural networks model temporal data by leveraging an ability to remember information for long periods. It is unclear, however, whether they also have an ability to perform complex relational reasoning with the information they…

Secure Multi-party Computation (MPC) enables untrusted parties to jointly compute a function without revealing their inputs. Its application to machine learning (ML) has gained significant attention, particularly for secure inference…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Tingting Tang , Yongqin Wang , Murali Annavaram
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