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To date, hundreds of crashes have occurred in open road testing of automated vehicles (AVs), highlighting the need for improving AV reliability and safety. Pre-crash scenario typology classifies crashes based on vehicle dynamics and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yixuan Li , Xuesong Wang , Tianyi Wang , Qian Liu

The safety of Automated Vehicles (AVs) must be assured before their release and deployment. The current approach to evaluation relies primarily on (i) testing AVs on public roads or (ii) track testing with scenarios defined in a test…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Ding Zhao , Xianan Huang , Huei Peng , Henry Lam , David J. LeBlanc

Extensive simulation-based testing is important for assuring the safety of autonomous driving systems (ADS). However, generating safety-critical traffic scenarios remains challenging because failures often arise from rare, complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dmytro Humeniuk , Mohammad Hamdaqa , Houssem Ben Braiek , Amel Bennaceur , Foutse Khomh

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) increasingly rely on learning-based perception, yet safety-relevant failures often arise without component malfunction, driven instead by partial observability and semantic ambiguity in how risk is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jean Douglas Carvalho , Hugo Taciro Kenji , Ahmad Mohammad Saber , Glaucia Melo , Max Mauro Dias Santos , Deepa Kundur

The kind of closed-loop verification likely to be required for autonomous vehicle (AV) safety testing is beyond the reach of traditional test methodologies and discrete verification. Validation puts the autonomous vehicle system to the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Hyun Jae Cho , Madhur Behl

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are rapidly advancing and are expected to play a central role in future mobility. Ensuring their safe deployment requires reliable interaction with other road users, not least pedestrians. Direct testing on public…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yueyang Wang , Mehmet Dogar , Russell Darling , Gustav Markkula

Interaction between the background vehicles (BVs) and automated vehicles (AVs) in scenario-based testing plays a critical role in evaluating the intelligence of the AVs. Current testing scenarios typically employ predefined or scripted BVs,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-13 Yining Ma , Wei Jiang , Lingtong Zhang , Junyi Chen , Hong Wang , Chen Lv , Xuesong Wang , Lu Xiong

The rapid advancement of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), exemplified by companies like Waymo and Cruise offering 24/7 paid taxi services, highlights the paramount importance of ensuring AVs' compliance with various policies, such as safety…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Ziwen Wan , Yuqi Huai , Yuntianyi Chen , Joshua Garcia , Qi Alfred Chen

Ensuring the safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) remains a critical challenge, as traditional verification methods such as large-scale on-road testing are prohibitively costly and time-consuming.To address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ji Zhou , Yongqi Zhao , Yixian Hu , Hexuan Li , Zhengguo Gu , Nan Xu , Arno Eichberger

A scenario-based testing approach can reduce the time required to obtain statistically significant evidence of the safety of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). Identifying these scenarios in an automated manner is a challenging task. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Tobias Hoek , Holger Caesar , Andreas Falkovén , Tommy Johansson

The development of software components for autonomous driving functions should always include an extensive and rigorous evaluation. Since real-world testing is expensive and safety-critical -- especially when facing dynamic racing scenarios…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Tim Stahl , Johannes Betz

In this work, we present SafePlanner, a systematic testing framework for identifying safety-critical flaws in the Plan model of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). SafePlanner targets two core challenges: generating structurally meaningful…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Dohyun Kim , Sanggu Han , Sangmin Woo , Joonha Jang , Jaehoon Kim , Changhun Song , Yongdae Kim

Determining possible failure scenarios is a critical step in the evaluation of autonomous vehicle systems. Real-world vehicle testing is commonly employed for autonomous vehicle validation, but the costs and time requirements are high.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Anthony Corso , Peter Du , Katherine Driggs-Campbell , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Autonomous vehicle (AV) planners must undergo rigorous evaluation before widespread deployment on public roads, particularly to assess their robustness against the uncertainty of human behaviors. While recent advancements in data-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Augusto Mondelli , Yueshan Li , Alessandro Zanardi , Emilio Frazzoli

Scenario-based testing with driving simulators is extensively used to identify failing conditions of automated driving assistance systems (ADAS). However, existing studies have shown that repeated test execution in the same as well as in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Lev Sorokin , Matteo Biagiola , Andrea Stocco

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) are critical dynamic reconfigurable agent systems whose specification and validation raises extremely challenging problems. The paper presents a multilevel semantic framework for the specification of ADS and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Marius Bozga , Joseph Sifakis

Adversarial scenario generation is crucial for autonomous driving testing because it can efficiently simulate various challenge and complex traffic conditions. However, it is difficult to control current existing methods to generate desired…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Shuo Yang , Caojun Wang , Yuanjian Zhang , Yuming Yin , Yanjun Huang , Shengbo Eben Li , Hong Chen

This work in progress considers reachability-based safety analysis in the domain of autonomous driving in multi-agent systems. We formulate the safety problem for a car following scenario as a differential game and study how different…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-30 Gilbert Bahati , Marsalis Gibson , Alexandre Bayen

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Runze Yuan , Wei Lu , Xinyi Gong , Shuo Feng

Classical approaches and procedures for testing of automated vehicles of SAE levels 1 and 2 were based on defined scenarios with specific maneuvers, depending on the function under test. For automated driving systems (ADS) of SAE level 3+,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Demin Nalic , Hexuan Li , Arno Eichberger , Christoph Wellershaus , Aleksa Pandurevic , Branko Rogic