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The mathematical properties and data-driven learning of the Koopman operator, which represents nonlinear dynamics as a linear mapping on a properly defined functional spaces, have become key problems in nonlinear system identification and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-02 Wentao Tang

In this paper, we discuss the development and deployment of a robust autonomous system capable of performing various tasks in the maritime domain under unknown dynamic conditions. We investigate a data-driven approach based on modular…

Online optimal control of quadruped robots would enable them to adapt to varying inputs and changing conditions in real time. A common way of achieving this is linear model predictive control (LMPC), where a quadratic programming (QP)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Chun-Ming Yang , Pranav A. Bhounsule

The discovery of linear embedding is the key to the synthesis of linear control techniques for nonlinear systems. In recent years, while Koopman operator theory has become a prominent approach for learning these linear embeddings through…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rajpal Singh , Chandan Kumar Sah , Jishnu Keshavan

Correct-by-construction techniques, such as control barrier functions (CBFs), can be used to guarantee closed-loop safety by acting as a supervisor of an existing or legacy controller. However, supervisory-control intervention typically…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Yuxiao Chen , Ayonga Hereid , Huei Peng , Jessy Grizzle

Data-driven safety verification of robotic systems often relies on zonotopic reachability analysis due to its scalability and computational efficiency. However, for nonlinear systems, these methods can become overly conservative, especially…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Alireza Naderi Akhormeh , Ahmad Hafez , Abdulla Fawzy , Amr Alanwar

The challenge of finding exact and finite-dimensional Koopman embeddings of nonlinear systems has been largely circumvented by employing data-driven techniques to learn models of different complexities (e.g., linear, bilinear, input…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Lucian Cristian Iacob , Roland Tóth , Maarten Schoukens

Advanced autonomous driving systems require accurate vehicle dynamics modeling. However, identifying a precise dynamics model remains challenging due to strong nonlinearities and the coupled longitudinal and lateral dynamic characteristics.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jinyu Miao , Pu Zhang , Rujun Yan , Yifei He , Bowei Zhang , Zheng Fu , Ke Wang , Qi Song , Kun Jiang , Mengmeng Yang , Diange Yang

Koopman operator theory and Willems' fundamental lemma both can provide (approximated) data-driven linear representation for nonlinear systems. However, choosing lifting functions for the Koopman operator is challenging, and the quality of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-26 Xu Shang , Jorge Cortés , Yang Zheng

A data driven, kernel-based method for approximating the leading Koopman eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and modes in problems with high dimensional state spaces is presented. This approach approximates the Koopman operator using a set of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-07-29 Matthew O. Williams , Clarence W. Rowley , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

This study presents an innovative approach to Model Predictive Control (MPC) by leveraging the powerful combination of Koopman theory and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). By transforming nonlinear dynamical systems into a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Md Nur-A-Adam Dony

Koopman theory asserts that a nonlinear dynamical system can be mapped to a linear system, where the Koopman operator advances observations of the state forward in time. However, the observable functions that map states to observations are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Jeremy Morton , Freddie D Witherden , Mykel J Kochenderfer

Koopman liftings have been successfully used to learn high dimensional linear approximations for autonomous systems for prediction purposes, or for control systems for leveraging linear control techniques to control nonlinear dynamics. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-16 Haldun Balim , Antoine Aspeel , Zexiang Liu , Necmiye Ozay

We present the Koopman State Estimator (KoopSE), a framework for model-free batch state estimation of control-affine systems that makes no linearization assumptions, requires no problem-specific feature selections, and has an inference…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Zi Cong Guo , Vassili Korotkine , James R. Forbes , Timothy D. Barfoot

Over the past decades, the Koopman operator has been widely applied in data-driven control, yet its theoretical foundations remain underexplored. This paper establishes a unified framework to address the robust stabilization problem in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Yicheng Lin , Bingxian Wu , Nan Bai , Zhiyong Sun , Yunxiao Ren , Chuanze Chen , Zhisheng Duan

Koopman operator theory has emerged as a powerful tool for system identification, particularly for approximating nonlinear time-invariant systems (NTIS). This paper considers a network of agents with limited observation capabilities that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Wenjian Hao , Lili Wang , Ayush Rai , Shaoshuai Mou

The Koopman operator serves as the theoretical backbone for machine learning of dynamical control systems, where the operator is heuristically approximated by extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD). In this paper, we propose SafEDMD, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Robin Strässer , Manuel Schaller , Karl Worthmann , Julian Berberich , Frank Allgöwer

The Bellman equation and its continuous form, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, are ubiquitous in reinforcement learning and control theory. However, these equations become intractable for high-dimensional or nonlinear systems. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Preston Rozwood , Edward Mehrez , Ludger Paehler , Wen Sun , Steven L. Brunton

This paper presents a distributed Koopman operator learning framework for modeling unknown nonlinear dynamics using sequential observations from multiple agents. Each agent estimates a local Koopman approximation based on lifted data and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Ali Azarbahram , Shenyu Liu , Gian Paolo Incremona

The Koopman operator, originally defined for dynamical systems without input, has inspired many applications in control. Yet, the theoretical foundations underpinning this progress in control remain underdeveloped. This paper investigates…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-20 Masih Haseli , Igor Mezić , Jorge Cortés