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Gradient methods have become mainstream techniques for Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) in learning fields. The validity of existing works heavily rely on either a restrictive Lower-Level Strong Convexity (LLSC) condition or on solving a series…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-03 Risheng Liu , Yaohua Liu , Wei Yao , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

We aim to solve a structured convex optimization problem, where a nonsmooth function is composed with a linear operator. When opting for full splitting schemes, usually, primal-dual type methods are employed as they are effective and also…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-17 Radu Ioan Bot , Axel Böhm

This paper studies the problem of stochastic bilevel optimization where the upper-level function is nonconvex with potentially unbounded smoothness and the lower-level function is strongly convex. This problem is motivated by meta-learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

Bilevel optimization is a popular two-level hierarchical optimization, which has been widely applied to many machine learning tasks such as hyperparameter learning, meta learning and continual learning. Although many bilevel optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-21 Feihu Huang

Bilevel optimization is a hierarchical framework where an upper-level optimization problem is constrained by a lower-level problem, commonly used in machine learning applications such as hyperparameter optimization. Existing bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Yuman Wu , Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

This paper considers the simple bilevel optimization (SBO) problem, which minimizes a composite convex function over the optimal solution set of another composite convex minimization problem. We first show that this bilevel problem is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-11 Rujun Jiang , Xu Shi , Weizheng Song , Jiulin Wang

This paper considers a class of distributed bilevel optimization (DBO) problems with a coupled inner-level subproblem. Existing approaches typically rely on hypergradient estimations involving computationally expensive Hessian evaluation.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Youcheng Niu , Jinming Xu , Ying Sun , Li Chai , Jiming Chen

We tackle the general differentiable meta learning problem that is ubiquitous in modern deep learning, including hyperparameter optimization, loss function learning, few-shot learning, invariance learning and more. These problems are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Minyoung Kim , Timothy M. Hospedales

In this article we propose a method for solving unconstrained optimization problems with convex and Lipschitz continuous objective functions. By making use of the Moreau envelopes of the functions occurring in the objective, we smooth the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-07-16 Radu Ioan Bot , Christopher Hendrich

In this paper, we consider non-convex multi-block bilevel optimization (MBBO) problems, which involve $m\gg 1$ lower level problems and have important applications in machine learning. Designing a stochastic gradient and controlling its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-05 Quanqi Hu , Zi-Hao Qiu , Zhishuai Guo , Lijun Zhang , Tianbao Yang

Interest in bilevel optimization has grown in recent years, partially due to its applications to tackle challenging machine-learning problems. Several exciting recent works have been centered around developing efficient gradient-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-27 Liuyuan Jiang , Quan Xiao , Victor M. Tenorio , Fernando Real-Rojas , Antonio G. Marques , Tianyi Chen

We consider a class of nonconvex nonsmooth optimization problems whose objective is the sum of a smooth function and a finite number of nonnegative proper closed possibly nonsmooth functions (whose proximal mappings are easy to compute),…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-29 Tianxiang Liu , Ting Kei Pong , Akiko Takeda

We investigate a class of nonconvex optimization problems characterized by a feasible set consisting of level-bounded nonconvex regularizers, with a continuously differentiable objective. We propose a novel hybrid approach to tackle such…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-28 Xiangyu Yang , Hao Wang , Yichen Zhu , Xiao Wang

Bilevel optimization has arisen as a powerful tool for solving a variety of machine learning problems. Two current popular bilevel optimizers AID-BiO and ITD-BiO naturally involve solving one or two sub-problems, and consequently, whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Kaiyi Ji , Mingrui Liu , Yingbin Liang , Lei Ying

In this work, we study first-order algorithms for solving Bilevel Optimization (BO) where the objective functions are smooth but possibly nonconvex in both levels and the variables are restricted to closed convex sets. As a first step, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-13 Jeongyeol Kwon , Dohyun Kwon , Stephen Wright , Robert Nowak

For bilevel programs with a convex lower level program, the classical approach replaces the lower level program with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition and solve the resulting mathematical program with complementarity constraint (MPCC). It is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-12 Kuang Bai , Jane Ye , Shangzhi Zeng

In recent years, Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) techniques have received extensive attentions from both learning and vision communities. A variety of BLO models in complex and practical tasks are of non-convex follower structure in nature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Risheng Liu , Yaohua Liu , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Nonconvex and nonsmooth bi-level optimization poses critical theoretical challenges, while arising in several applications. In this work, we develop a method for nonconvex, nonsmooth bi-level optimization and introduce Binno, a first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Laura Selicato , Flavia Esposito , Andersen Ang

Motivated by high-dimensional nonlinear optimization problems as well as ill-posed optimization problems arising in image processing, we consider a bilevel optimization model where we seek among the optimal solutions of the inner level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Harshal Kaushik , Farzad Yousefian

Bilevel optimization problems, encountered in fields such as economics, engineering, and machine learning, pose significant computational challenges due to their hierarchical structure and constraints at both upper and lower levels.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-21 Mengwei Xu , Yu-Hong Dai , Xin-Wei Liu , Bo Wang