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Related papers: Structural Impact of Grid-Forming Inverters on Pow…

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We study the synchronization of oscillators with inertias and phase shifts, namely the second-order Kuramoto-Sakaguchi model. Using the self-consistent method, we find that the effect of inertia is the introduction of effective phase…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-12-29 Jian Gao , Konstantinos Efstathiou

Traditionally, inertia in power systems has been determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. During the last decade, the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic installations and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 Ana Fernández-Guillamón , Emilio Gómez-Lázaro , Eduard Muljadi , Angel Molina-García

In scenarios where synchronous generators (SGs) and grid-following renewable energy sources (GFLR) are co-located, existing research, which mainly focuses on the first-swing stability of SGs, often overlooks ongoing dynamic interactions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Bingfang Li , Songhao Yang , Guosong Wang , Yiwen Hu , Xu Zhang , Zhiguo Hao , Dongxu Chang , Baohui Zhang

A model for synchronization of globally coupled phase oscillators including ``inertial'' effects is analyzed. In such a model, both oscillator frequencies and phases evolve in time. Stationary solutions include incoherent (unsynchronized)…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-31 J. A. Acebron , L. L. Bonilla , R. Spigler

Replacing conventional power sources by renewable sources in current power grids drastically alters their structure and functionality. The resulting grid will be far more decentralized with an distinctly different topology. Here we analyze…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2014-08-04 Martin Rohden , Andreas Sorge , Dirk Witthaut , Marc Timme

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

Grid-following and grid-forming inverters are integral components of microgrids and for integration of renewable energy sources with the grid. For grid following inverters, which need to emulate controllable current sources, a significant…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-07 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V Salapaka

In a power grid with growing penetrations of renewable energy sources, inverters play a larger role in the dynamic interactions among network components. However, much is yet to be studied regarding inverter-dominated grid stability. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-22 Ruth Kravis , Gabriel Colon-Reyes , Duncan Callaway

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) are capable of emulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through the careful design of the control loops. However, the current limiter in the control loops of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Yanshu Niu , Zhe Yang , Bikash C. Pal

For decades, power system stabilizers paired with high initial response automatic voltage regulators have served as an effective means of meeting sometimes conflicting system stability requirements. Driven primarily by increases in power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-08 Ryan T. Elliott , Payman Arabshahi , Daniel S. Kirschen

As renewable resources gradually replace conventional generation based synchronous machines, the dynamics of the modern grid changes significantly and the system synchronous inertia decreases substantially. This transformation poses severe…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

The issue of synchronization in the power grid is receiving renewed attention, as new energy sources with different dynamics enter the picture. Global metrics have been proposed to evaluate performance and analyzed under highly simplified…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-20 Fernando Paganini , Enrique Mallada

The progressive displacing of conventional generation in favour of renewable energy sources requires restoring an adequate capacity of regulating power to ensure reliable operation of power systems. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-12 Antonio Zecchino , Francesco Gerini , Yihui Zuo , Rachid Cherkaoui , Mario Paolone , Elena Vagnoni

We study the synchronization phenomena in a system of globally coupled oscillators with time delay in the coupling. The self-consistency equations for the order parameter are derived, which depend explicitly on the amount of delay. Analysis…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 M. Y. Choi , H. J. Kim , D. Kim , H. Hong

In this work we explore impedance-based interactions that arise when inverter-connected distributed energy resources (DERs) inject real and reactive power to regulate voltage and power flows on three-phase unbalanced distribution grids. We…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-13 Jaimie Swartz , Alexandra von Meier

Small-signal synchronization instability (SSI) may be triggered when a grid-connected converter is operated in weak grids. This problem is highly related to the active and reactive power (referred to as complex power) generation or…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-15 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

This paper derives closed-form solutions for grid-forming converters with power synchronization control (PSC) by subtly simplifying and factorizing the complex closed-loop models. The solutions can offer clear analytical insights into…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-05 Fangzhou Zhao , Tianhua Zhu , Lennart Harnefors , Bo Fan , Heng Wu , Zichao Zhou , Yin Sun , Xiongfei Wang

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

Rotational inertia is stabilizing the frequency of electric power systems against small and large disturbances, but it is also the cause for oscillations between generators. As more and more conventional generators are replaced by renewable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-10 Theodor Borsche , Florian Dörfler

HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR) to help address the frequency control challenges caused by the growing penetration of power electronics in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Dominic Gross , George Alin Raducu , Hesam Khazraj , Nicolaos A. Cutululis