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Related papers: Structural Impact of Grid-Forming Inverters on Pow…

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The emergence of grid-forming (GFM) inverter technology and the increasing role of machine learning in power systems highlight the need for evaluating the latest dynamic simulators. Open-source simulators offer distinct advantages in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-12 Tong Su , Jiangkai Peng , Alaa Selim , Junbo Zhao , Jin Tan

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a precise method for quantifying GFM converter behavior and a universally accepted GFM definition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-24 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

Inverter-based storages are poised to play a prominent role in future power grids with massive renewable generation. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are emerging as a dominant technology with synchronous generators (SG)-like characteristics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Laurentiu Marinovici , Karan Kalsi , Diane Baldwin

This paper investigates power swing characteristics of grid-forming voltage source converter (GFM-VSC) systems considering the current limitation mode in both non-inertial and inertial GFM-VSC systems. Following grid faults, non-inertial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-17 Yongxin Xiong , Heng Wu , Yifei Li , Xiongfei Wang

Stability of power grids with synchronous generators (SGs) and renewable generation interfaced with grid-forming converters (GFCs) under dc-side current limitation is studied. To that end, we first consider a simple 2-bus test system and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Sayan Samanta , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

The expansion of inverter-connected generation facilities (i.e. wind and photovoltaics) and the removal of conventional power plants is necessary to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Whereas conventional generation with large rotating…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-01-20 Philipp C. Böttcher , Andreas Otto , Stefan Kettemann , Carsten Agert

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters can significantly alter the fault characteristics of power systems, which challenges the proper function of protective relays. This paper gives a holistic analysis of the interaction between GFM inverter-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

Grid-forming (GFM) control has been considered a promising solution for accommodating large-scale power electronics converters into modern power grids thanks to its grid-friendly dynamics, in particular, voltage source behavior on the AC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-23 Huanhai Xin , Chenxi Liu , Xia Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Linbin Huang

Small-signal instability of grid-connected power converters may arise when the converters use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to synchronize with a weak grid. Commonly, this stability problem (referred as PLL-synchronization stability in this…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Wei Dong , Florian Dörfler

In a purely inverter-based microgrid, both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters will have a crucial role to play in frequency/voltage regulation and maintaining power sharing through their grid support capabilities.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-01 Ankit Singhal , Thanh Long Vu , Wei Du

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

High penetration of wind power with conventional grid following controls for inverter-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) weakens the power grid, challenging the power system stability. Grid-forming (GFM) controls are emerging technologies…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-02 Thai-Thanh Nguyen , Tuyen Vu , Sumit Paudyal , Frede Blaabjerg , Thanh Long Vu

Future power systems will include high shares of inverter-based generation. There is a general consensus that for allowing this transition, the Grid-Forming (GFM) control approach would be of great value. This article presents a GFM control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-08 Julian Freytes , Antoine Rossé , Valentin Costan , Grégoire Prime

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

With the development of renewable energy sources, power systems are gradually evolving into a system comprising both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters. However, the dynamic interaction between the two types of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Hangyu Chen , Linbin Huang

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

Integration of renewable resources is profoundly reshaping the dynamics of modern power systems. This study shows that the voltage dynamics of power systems with multiple grid-forming (GFM) converters often enjoys a desirable property…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Zhenyao Li , Shengwen Liao , Qian Zhang , Xuechun Zhang , Deqiang Gan

Grid-following (GFL) inverters have very different large-signal stability characteristics to synchronous generators, and convenient concepts such as the equal-area criterion and global energy function do not apply in the same way. Existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Yifan Zhang , Yaoxin Wang , Yunjie Gu , Yitong Li , Sijia Geng , Yue Zhu , Hsiao-Dong Chiang , Timothy C. Green