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Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human intentions has become a critical task for safely deploying models in real-world systems. While existing alignment approaches have seen empirical success, theoretically understanding how these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shawn Im , Yixuan Li

Despite the growing variety of languages supported by existing multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) models, most of the world's languages are still being left behind. We aim to extend large-scale MNMT models to incorporate a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wen Lai , Viktor Hangya , Yingli Shen , Alexander Fraser

Direct alignment methods are increasingly used for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. However, these methods suffer from the issues of verbosity and likelihood displacement, which can be driven by the noisy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Peter Chen , Xi Chen , Wotao Yin , Tianyi Lin

Word alignment has proven to benefit many-to-many neural machine translation (NMT). However, high-quality ground-truth bilingual dictionaries were used for pre-editing in previous methods, which are unavailable for most language pairs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Zhuoyuan Mao , Chenhui Chu , Raj Dabre , Haiyue Song , Zhen Wan , Sadao Kurohashi

Due to the unidirectional masking mechanism, Decoder-Only models propagate information from left to right. LVLMs (Large Vision-Language Models) follow the same architecture, with visual information gradually integrated into semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jianfei Zhao , Feng Zhang , Xin Sun , Chong Feng

The evolution of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has been significantly influenced by six core challenges (Koehn and Knowles, 2017), which have acted as benchmarks for progress in this field. This study revisits these challenges, offering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Jianhui Pang , Fanghua Ye , Longyue Wang , Dian Yu , Derek F. Wong , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Large language models often hallucinate with high confidence on "random facts" that lack inferable patterns. We formalize the memorization of such facts as a membership testing problem, unifying the discrete error metrics of Bloom filters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Anxin Guo , Jingwei Li

Although large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, they are prone to hallucinations in multi-image tasks. We attribute this issue to limitations in existing attention mechanisms and insufficient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiaochen Yang , Hao Fang , Jiawei Kong , Yaoxin Mao , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of downstream tasks, a significant concern revolves around their propensity to exhibit hallucinations: LLMs occasionally generate content that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yue Zhang , Yafu Li , Leyang Cui , Deng Cai , Lemao Liu , Tingchen Fu , Xinting Huang , Enbo Zhao , Yu Zhang , Chen Xu , Yulong Chen , Longyue Wang , Anh Tuan Luu , Wei Bi , Freda Shi , Shuming Shi

Uncertainty estimation is a necessary component when implementing AI in high-risk settings, such as autonomous cars, medicine, or insurances. Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen a surge in popularity in recent years, but they are subject…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Gabriel Y. Arteaga , Thomas B. Schön , Nicolas Pielawski

Large language model (LLM) has achieved promising performance in multilingual machine translation tasks through zero/few-shot prompts or prompt-tuning. However, due to the mixture of multilingual data during the pre-training of LLM, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shaojie Dai , Xin Liu , Ping Luo , Yue Yu

Object hallucination is a significant challenge that hinders the application of large vision-language models (LVLMs) in practice. We hypothesize that one possible origin of hallucination is the model's tendency to prioritize text generation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Meng Shen , Minghao Wu , Deepu Rajan

Vision Language Models (VLMs) show impressive capabilities in integrating and reasoning with both visual and language data. But these models make mistakes. A common finding -- similar to LLMs -- is their tendency to hallucinate, i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sotirios Panagiotis Chytas , Miso Choi , Hyunwoo J. Kim , Vikas Singh

Visual hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), where the model generates responses that are inconsistent with the visual input, pose a significant challenge to their reliability, particularly in contexts where precise and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Nokimul Hasan Arif , Shadman Rabby , Md Hefzul Hossain Papon , Sabbir Ahmed

Large Language Models (LLMs) are claimed to be capable of Natural Language Inference (NLI), necessary for applied tasks like question answering and summarization. We present a series of behavioral studies on several LLM families (LLaMA,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Nick McKenna , Tianyi Li , Liang Cheng , Mohammad Javad Hosseini , Mark Johnson , Mark Steedman

Contrastive decoding strategies are widely used to reduce object hallucinations in multimodal large language models (MLLMs). These methods work by constructing contrastive samples to induce hallucinations and then suppressing them in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Hao Yin , Guangzong Si , Zilei Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, i.e., nonsensical, unfaithful, and undesirable text. Users tend to overrely on LLMs and corresponding hallucinations which can lead to misinterpretations and errors. To tackle the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Florian Leiser , Sven Eckhardt , Valentin Leuthe , Merlin Knaeble , Alexander Maedche , Gerhard Schwabe , Ali Sunyaev

In real world translation scenarios, terminology is rarely one-to-one. Instead, multiple valid translations may appear in a terminology dictionary, but correctness of a translation depends on corporate style guides and context. This can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Nathaniel Berger , Johannes Eschbach-Dymanus , Miriam Exel , Matthias Huck , Stefan Riezler

Multilingual pre-trained models exhibit zero-shot cross-lingual transfer, where a model fine-tuned on a source language achieves surprisingly good performance on a target language. While studies have attempted to understand transfer, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Henry Tang , Ameet Deshpande , Karthik Narasimhan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have expanded their capabilities beyond language generation to interact with external tools, enabling automation and real-world applications. However, tool hallucinations, where models either select…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Hongshen Xu , Zichen Zhu , Lei Pan , Zihan Wang , Su Zhu , Da Ma , Ruisheng Cao , Lu Chen , Kai Yu