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Data assimilation plays a key role in large-scale atmospheric weather forecasting, where the state of the physical system is estimated from model outputs and observations, and is then used as initial condition to produce accurate future…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-13 Azam Moosavi , Ahmed Attia , Adrian Sandu

We study the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm for sequential data assimilation in a general situation, that is, for nonlinear forecast and measurement models with non-additive and non-Gaussian noises. Such applications traditionally…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-17 Weixuan Li , W. Steven Rosenthal , Guang Lin

The iterative ensemble Kalman filter (IEnKF) in a deterministic framework was introduced in Sakov et al. (2012) to extend the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and improve its performance in mildly up to strongly nonlinear cases. However, the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2018-10-17 Pavel Sakov , Jean-Matthieu Haussaire , Marc Bocquet

This paper is concerned with optimal control problems for control systems in continuous time, and interacting particle system methods designed to construct approximate control solutions. Particular attention is given to the linear quadratic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-11 Anant Joshi , Amirhossein Taghvaei , Prashant G. Mehta , Sean P. Meyn

This paper is concerned with optimality and stability analysis of a family of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithms. EnKF is commonly used as an alternative to the Kalman filter for high-dimensional problems, where storing the covariance…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-22 Amirhossein Taghvaei , Prashant G. Mehta , Tryphon T. Georgiou

The Ensemble Kalman Filters (EnKF) employ a Monte-Carlo approach to represent covariance information, and are affected by sampling errors in operational settings where the number of model realizations is much smaller than the model state…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-06 Andrey A Popov , Adrian Sandu , Elias D. Nino-Ruiz , Geir Evensen

Prediction of spatio-temporal chaotic systems is important in various fields, such as Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). While data assimilation methods have been applied in NWP, machine learning techniques, such as Reservoir Computing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Futo Tomizawa , Yohei Sawada

This paper develops an efficient implementation of the ensemble Kalman filter based on a modified Cholesky decomposition for inverse covariance matrix estimation. This implementation is named EnKF-MC. Background errors corresponding to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-31 Elias D. Nino , Adrian Sandu , Xinwei Deng

Ensemble Kalman methods were initially developed to solve nonlinear data assimilation problems in oceanography, but are now popular in applications far beyond their original use cases. Of particular interest is climate model calibration. As…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-11-21 Rebecca Gjini , Matthias Morzfeld , Oliver R. A. Dunbar , Tapio Schneider

Parameter estimation has a high importance in the geosciences. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) allows parameter estimation for large, time-dependent systems. For large systems, the EnKF is applied using small ensembles, which may lead to…

Applications · Statistics 2021-08-05 Johannes Keller , Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen , Wolfgang Nowak

Among the class of nonlinear particle filtering methods, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) has gained recent attention for its use in solving inverse problems. We review the original method and discuss recent developments in particular in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-04-06 Michael Herty , Elisa Iacomini , Giuseppe Visconti

Data assimilation (DA) aims to optimally combine model forecasts and observations that are both partial and noisy. Multi-model DA generalizes the variational or Bayesian formulation of the Kalman filter, and we prove that it is also the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-23 Eviatar Bach , Michael Ghil

Data assimilation (DA) integrates numerical model forecasts with observations to achieve the optimal state estimation. Ensemble-based methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), are widely used for state estimation for…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-25 Zhou Yao , Zhilin Li , Li Zhao , Zeng Liu , Zhaokuan Lu , Seungnam Kim , Guangyao Wang

Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is an important data assimilation method for high dimensional geophysical systems. Efficient implementation of EnKF in practice often involves the localization technique, which updates each component using only…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-04-04 Xin T. Tong

We propose a new algorithm for an adaptive optics system control law which allows to reduce the computational burden in the case of an Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and to deal with non-stationary behaviors of the turbulence. This…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-17 Morgan Gray , Cyril Petit , Sergey Rodionov , Laurent Bertino , Marc Bocquet , Thierry Fusco

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has become a standard methodology for state estimation in high-dimensional systems, yet its various stochastic and deterministic formulations often appear conceptually disconnected. In this paper, a unified…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Jin Won Kim

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is an efficient algorithm for many data assimilation problems. In certain circumstances, however, divergence of the EnKF might be spotted. In previous studies, the authors proposed an…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2014-08-19 Xiaodong Luo , Ibrahim Hoteit

The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) belongs to the class of iterative particle filtering methods and can be used for solving control--to--observable inverse problems. In this context, the EnKF is known as Ensemble Kalman Inversion (EKI). In…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-02-17 Dieter Armbruster , Michael Herty , Giuseppe Visconti

This work presents new results and understanding of the Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for inverse problems. In particular, using a Lagrangian dual perspective we show that EnKF can be derived from the sample average approximation (SAA) of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-27 C G Krishnanunni , Jonathan Wittmer , Tan Bui-Thanh , Quoc P. Nguyen

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a recursive filter suitable for problems with a large number of variables, such as discretizations of partial differential equations in geophysical models. The EnKF originated as a version of the Kalman…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2009-01-26 Jan Mandel