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Autonomous vehicles (AV) look set to become common on our roads within the next few years. However, to achieve the final breakthrough, not only functional progress is required, but also satisfactory safety assurance must be provided. Among…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Peter Popov , Lorenzo Strigini , Cornelius Buerkle , Fabian Oboril , Michael Paulitsch

According to data from the United Nations, more than 3000 people have died each day in the world due to road traffic collision. Considering recent researches, the human error may be considered as the main responsible for these fatalities.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Andrés E. Gómez , Tiago C. dos Santos , Carlos M. Massera , Arthur de M. Neto , Denis F. Wolf

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are rapidly advancing and are expected to play a central role in future mobility. Ensuring their safe deployment requires reliable interaction with other road users, not least pedestrians. Direct testing on public…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yueyang Wang , Mehmet Dogar , Russell Darling , Gustav Markkula

While autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has shown substantial progress, we still lack tools for rigorous and scalable testing. Real-world testing, the $\textit{de-facto}$ evaluation method, is dangerous to the public. Moreover, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Justin Norden , Matthew O'Kelly , Aman Sinha

Current autonomous vehicle (AV) simulators are built to provide large-scale testing required to prove capabilities under varied conditions in controlled, repeatable fashion. However, they have certain failings including the need for user…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Arpan Kusari , Pei Li , Hanzhi Yang , Nikhil Punshi , Mich Rasulis , Scott Bogard , David J. LeBlanc

For a foreseeable future, autonomous vehicles (AVs) will operate in traffic together with human-driven vehicles. Their planning and control systems need extensive testing, including early-stage testing in simulations where the interactions…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Ran Tian , Nan Li , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Yildiray Yildiz , Anouck Girard

Benchmarking vision-based driving policies is challenging. On one hand, open-loop evaluation with real data is easy, but these results do not reflect closed-loop performance. On the other, closed-loop evaluation is possible in simulation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Daniel Dauner , Marcel Hallgarten , Tianyu Li , Xinshuo Weng , Zhiyu Huang , Zetong Yang , Hongyang Li , Igor Gilitschenski , Boris Ivanovic , Marco Pavone , Andreas Geiger , Kashyap Chitta

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and autonomous driving technologies has significantly propelled the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, psychological barriers continue to impede widespread AV adoption,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yandika Sirgabsou , Benjamin Hardin , François Leblanc , Efi Raili , Pericle Salvini , David Jackson , Marina Jirotka , Lars Kunze

Vehicles passengers and other traffic participants are protected more and more by integral safety systems. They continuously perceive the vehicles environment to prevent dangerous situations by e.g. emergency braking systems. Furthermore,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-26 Christian Berger , Delf Block , Christian Hons , Stefan Kühnel , André Leschke , Bernhard Rumpe , Torsten Strutz

There are many artificial intelligence algorithms for autonomous driving, but directly installing these algorithms on vehicles is unrealistic and expensive. At the same time, many of these algorithms need an environment to train and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Wei Cao , Liguo Zhou , Yuhong Huang , Alois Knoll

Autonomous vehicles need safe development and testing environments. Many traffic scenarios are such that they cannot be tested in the real world. We see hybrid photorealistic simulation as a viable tool for developing AI (artificial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Jussi Hanhirova , Anton Debner , Matias Hyyppä , Vesa Hirvisalo

Developing and testing algorithms for autonomous vehicles in real world is an expensive and time consuming process. Also, in order to utilize recent advances in machine intelligence and deep learning we need to collect a large amount of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Shital Shah , Debadeepta Dey , Chris Lovett , Ashish Kapoor

Simulation-based testing remains the main approach for validating Autonomous Driving Systems. We propose a rigorous test method based on breaking down scenarios into simple ones, taking into account the fact that autopilots make decisions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Ensuring the functional safety of motion planning modules in autonomous vehicles remains a critical challenge, especially when dealing with complex or learning-based software. Online verification has emerged as a promising approach to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Korbinian Moller , Rafael Neher , Marvin Seegert , Johannes Betz

Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xingyu Zhao , Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou , Chih-Hong Cheng , Peter Popov , Lorenzo Strigini

Automated vehicle (AV) acceptance relies on their understanding via feedback. While visualizations aim to enhance user understanding of AV's detection, prediction, and planning functionalities, establishing an optimal design is challenging.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Pascal Jansen , Mark Colley , Svenja Krauß , Daniel Hirschle , Enrico Rukzio

The role of simulation in autonomous driving is becoming increasingly important due to the need for rapid prototyping and extensive testing. The use of physics-based simulation involves multiple benefits and advantages at a reasonable cost…

Simulation is a crucial step in ensuring accurate, efficient, and realistic Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) testing and validation. As the adoption of CAV accelerates, the integration of real-world data into simulation environments…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Junwei You , Pei Li , Yang Cheng , Keshu Wu , Rui Gan , Steven T. Parker , Bin Ran

Autonomous driving has rapidly evolved through synergistic developments in hardware and artificial intelligence. This comprehensive review investigates traffic datasets and simulators as dual pillars supporting autonomous vehicle (AV)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Supriya Sarker , Brent Maples , Iftekharul Islam , Muyang Fan , Christos Papadopoulos , Weizi Li

Field trial is very critical and high risk in autonomous UAV development life cycle. Hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation is a computer simulation that has the ability to simulate UAV flight characteristic, sensor modeling and actuator…

Robotics · Computer Science 2008-04-25 Widyawardana Adiprawita , Adang Suwandi Ahmad , Jaka Semibiring