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Two-player games such as board games have long been used as traditional benchmarks for reinforcement learning. This work revisits a policy optimization method with reverse Kullback-Leibler regularization and entropy regularization and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Kazuki Ota , Takayuki Osa , Motoki Omura , Tatsuya Harada

This article extends the idea of solving parity games by strategy iteration to non-deterministic strategies: In a non-deterministic strategy a player restricts himself to some non-empty subset of possible actions at a given node, instead of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-20 Michael Luttenberger

The concept of leader--follower (or Stackelberg) equilibrium plays a central role in a number of real--world applications of game theory. While the case with a single follower has been thoroughly investigated, results with multiple…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-07-10 Nicola Basilico , Stefano Coniglio , Nicola Gatti

We consider a two-player zero-sum network routing game in which a router wants to maximize the amount of legitimate traffic that flows from a given source node to a destination node and an attacker wants to block as much legitimate traffic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-03-13 David Grimsman , Joao P Hespanha , Jason R Marden

This paper is devoted to a high-dimensional mixed leadership stochastic differential game on a finite horizon in feedback information mode, where the control variables enter into the diffusion term of state equation. A verification theorem…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-11-28 Qi Huang , Jingtao Shi

In multi-agent problems requiring a high degree of cooperation, success often depends on the ability of the agents to adapt to each other's behavior. A natural solution concept in such settings is the Stackelberg equilibrium, in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Robert Loftin , Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Herke van Hoof , Samuel Kaski , Frans A. Oliehoek

Macroeconomic outcomes emerge from individuals' decisions, making it essential to model how agents interact with macro policy via consumption, investment, and labor choices. We formulate this as a dynamic Stackelberg game: the government…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-06-03 Qirui Mi , Zhiyu Zhao , Chengdong Ma , Siyu Xia , Yan Song , Mengyue Yang , Jun Wang , Haifeng Zhang

In a stochastic Stackelberg asymmetric security game, the strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) strategy is a popular option for the defender to get the highest utility against an attacker with the best response (BR) strategy. However, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Zhaoyang Cheng , Guanpu Chen , Yiguang Hong

Remote estimation is a crucial element of real time monitoring of a stochastic process. While most of the existing works have concentrated on obtaining optimal sampling strategies, motivated by malicious attacks on cyber-physical systems,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Atahan Dokme , Raj Kiriti Velicheti , Melih Bastopcu , Tamer Başar

Large language model (LLM) agents have shown remarkable progress in social deduction games (SDGs). However, existing approaches primarily focus on information processing and strategy selection, overlooking the significance of persuasive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zhang Zheng , Deheng Ye , Peilin Zhao , Hao Wang

The multi-leader--multi-follower game (MLMFG) involves two or more leaders and followers and serves as a generalization of the Stackelberg game and the single-leader--multi-follower game (SLMFG). Although MLMFG covers wide range of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Atsushi Hori , Daisuke Tsuyuguchi , Ellen H. Fukuda

Zero-sum Markov Games (MGs) has been an efficient framework for multi-agent systems and robust control, wherein a minimax problem is constructed to solve the equilibrium policies. At present, this formulation is well studied under tabular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Yangang Ren , Yao Lyu , Wenxuan Wang , Shengbo Eben Li , Zeyang Li , Jingliang Duan

We consider the problem of learning to exploit learning algorithms through repeated interactions in games. Specifically, we focus on the case of repeated two player, finite-action games, in which an optimizer aims to steer a no-regret…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yizhou Zhang , Yi-An Ma , Eric Mazumdar

Agents in mixed-motive coordination problems such as Chicken may fail to coordinate on a Pareto-efficient outcome. Safe Pareto improvements (SPIs) were originally proposed to mitigate miscoordination in cases where players lack…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Anthony DiGiovanni , Jesse Clifton , Nicolas Macé

Nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with impulse controls offer a realistic and far-reaching modelling framework for applications within finance, energy markets, and other areas, but the difficulty in solving such problems has…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-06-29 Diego Zabaljauregui

This paper proposes and studies a class of discrete-time finite-time-horizon Stackelberg mean-field games, with one leader and an infinite number of identical and indistinguishable followers. In this game, the objective of the leader is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Jiacheng Zhang

We propose projection-free sequential algorithms for linear-quadratic dynamics games. These policy gradient based algorithms are akin to Stackelberg leadership model and can be extended to model-free settings. We show that if the leader…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-13 Jingjing Bu , Lillian J. Ratliff , Mehran Mesbahi

In this paper, the two-player leader-follower game with private inputs for feedback Stackelberg strategy is considered. In particular, the follower shares its measurement information with the leader except its historical control inputs…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-18 Yue Sun , Hongdan Li , Huanshui Zhang

This paper introduces an explicit algorithm for computing perfect public equilibrium (PPE) payoffs in repeated games with imperfect public monitoring, public randomization, and discounting. The method adapts the established framework by…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-11-05 Jasmina Karabegovic

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), self-interested agents attempt to establish equilibrium and achieve coordination depending on game structure. However, existing MARL approaches are mostly bound by the simultaneous actions of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Bin Zhang , Lijuan Li , Zhiwei Xu , Dapeng Li , Guoliang Fan