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In this paper, we consider a sequential stochastic Stackelberg game with two players, a leader and a follower. The follower has access to the state of the system while the leader does not. Assuming that the players act in their respective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-08 Rajesh K Mishra , Deepanshu Vasal , Sriram Vishwanath

Leader-follower general-sum stochastic games (LF-GSSGs) model sequential decision-making under asymmetric commitment, where a leader commits to a policy and a follower best responds, yielding a strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Jilles Steeve Dibangoye , Thibaut Le Marre , Ocan Sankur , François Schwarzentruber

We study Stackelberg equilibria in finitely repeated games, where the leader commits to a strategy that picks actions in each round and can be adaptive to the history of play (i.e. they commit to an algorithm). In particular, we study…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Natalie Collina , Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran , Michael Kearns

We study multi-player general-sum Markov games with one of the players designated as the leader and the other players regarded as followers. In particular, we focus on the class of games where the followers are myopic, i.e., they aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Han Zhong , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Michael I. Jordan

The Stackelberg equilibrium solution concept describes optimal strategies to commit to: Player 1 (termed the leader) publicly commits to a strategy and Player 2 (termed the follower) plays a best response to this strategy (ties are broken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Branislav Bosansky , Simina Branzei , Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Peter Bro Miltersen , Troels Bjerre Sorensen

In many settings of interest, a policy is set by one party, the leader, in order to influence the action of another party, the follower, where the follower's response is determined by some private information. A natural question to ask is,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Michael Albert , Quinlan Dawkins , Minbiao Han , Haifeng Xu

Strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) is the standard solution concept of Stackelberg security games. As opposed to the weak Stackelberg equilibrium (WSE), the SSE assumes that the follower breaks ties in favor of the leader and this is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-12 Qingyu Guo , Jiarui Gan , Fei Fang , Long Tran-Thanh , Milind Tambe , Bo An

We present a new solution concept called evolutionarily stable Stackelberg equilibrium (SESS). We study the Stackelberg evolutionary game setting in which there is a single leading player and a symmetric population of followers. The leader…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Sam Ganzfried

Stackelberg equilibrium is a solution concept that describes optimal strategies to commit: Player 1 (the leader) first commits to a strategy that is publicly announced, then Player 2 (the follower) plays a best response to the leader's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Aditya Aradhye , Branislav Bošanský , Michael Hlaváček

We study a two-player dynamic Stackelberg game where the follower's intention is unknown to the leader. Classical formulations of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) assume that the follower's best response (BR) function is known to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Cayetana Salinas-Rodriguez , Jonathan Rogers , Sarah H. Q. Li

We introduce and study incentive equilibria for multi-player meanpayoff games. Incentive equilibria generalise well-studied solution concepts such as Nash equilibria and leader equilibria (also known as Stackelberg equilibria). Recall that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Anshul Gupta , M. S. Krishna Deepak , Bharath Kumar Padarthi , Sven Schewe , Ashutosh Trivedi

We provide a general approach to reformulating any continuous-time stochastic Stackelberg differential game under closed-loop strategies as a single-level optimisation problem with target constraints. More precisely, we consider a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Camilo Hernández , Nicolás Hernández Santibáñez , Emma Hubert , Dylan Possamaï

In this paper, we consider a discrete-time stochastic Stackelberg game with a single leader and multiple followers. Both the followers and the leader together have conditionally independent private types, conditioned on action and previous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-21 Deepanshu Vasal

Batch reinforcement learning (RL) defines the task of learning from a fixed batch of data lacking exhaustive exploration. Worst-case optimality algorithms, which calibrate a value-function model class from logged experience and perform some…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-03 Wenzhuo Zhou , Annie Qu

We study policy optimization in Stackelberg mean field games (MFGs), a hierarchical framework for modeling the strategic interaction between a single leader and an infinitely large population of homogeneous followers. The objective can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sihan Zeng , Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sujay Bhatt , Leo Ardon , Sumitra Ganesh , Alec Koppel

Dynamic Stackelberg games are a broad class of two-player games in which the leader acts first, and the follower chooses a response strategy to the leader's strategy. Unfortunately, only stylized Stackelberg games are explicitly solvable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Guillermo Alvarez , Ibrahim Ekren , Anastasis Kratsios , Xuwei Yang

Two-player mean-payoff Stackelberg games are nonzero-sum infinite duration games played on a bi-weighted graph by Leader (Player 0) and Follower (Player 1). Such games are played sequentially: first, Leader announces her strategy, second,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-04 Mrudula Balachander , Shibashis Guha , Jean-François Raskin

We study a continuous-time stochastic Stackelberg game in which a leader seeks to accomplish a primary objective while inferring a hidden parameter of a rational follower. The follower solves an entropy-regularized tracking problem and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Ruimeng Hu , Daniel Ralston , Xu Yang , Haosheng Zhou

Resource competition problems are often modeled using Colonel Blotto games, where players take simultaneous actions. However, many real-world scenarios involve sequential decision-making rather than simultaneous moves. To model these…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yan Liu , Bonan Ni , Weiran Shen , Zihe Wang , Jie Zhang

Existing methods for learning Stackelberg equilibria typically assume that the followers' (variational, generalized) Nash equilibrium is unique. However, in the presence of multiple equilibria, without a selection convention, the problem…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Silvia Cianchi , Anibal Sanjab , Sergio Grammatico
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