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Transformer-based LLMs achieve strong results on many language tasks; however, long inputs remain challenging because context windows are finite, and prefill latency and memory grow rapidly with prompt length. Flat token-stream processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Maryam Haghifam , Zifan He , Jason Cong , Yizhou Sun

Transformer-based models show their effectiveness across multiple domains and tasks. The self-attention allows to combine information from all sequence elements into context-aware representations. However, global and local information has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Aydar Bulatov , Yuri Kuratov , Mikhail S. Burtsev

Large language model-based web agents have shown strong potential in automating web interactions through advanced reasoning and instruction following. While retrieval-based memory derived from historical trajectories enables these agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yunteng Tan , Zhi Gao , Xinxiao Wu

Existing large language models (LLMs) can only afford fix-sized inputs due to the input length limit, preventing them from utilizing rich long-context information from past inputs. To address this, we propose a framework, Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Weizhi Wang , Li Dong , Hao Cheng , Xiaodong Liu , Xifeng Yan , Jianfeng Gao , Furu Wei

Long-term conversational large language model (LLM) agents require memory systems that can recover relevant evidence from historical interactions without overwhelming the answer stage with irrelevant context. However, existing memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Shuqi Cao , Jingyi He , Fei Tan

Although long-term memory systems have made substantial progress in recent years, they still exhibit clear limitations in adaptability, scalability, and self-evolution under continuous interaction settings. Inspired by cognitive theories,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ningning Zhang , Xingxing Yang , Zhizhong Tan , Weiping Deng , Wenyong Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly used in real-world products, where personalized and context-aware user interactions are essential. A central enabler of such capabilities is the agent's long-term semantic memory system,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhentao Xu , Shangjin Zhang , Emir Poyraz , Yvonne Li , Ye Jin , Xie Lu , Xiaoyang Gu , Karthik Ramgopal , Praveen Kumar Bodigutla , Xiaofeng Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, a primary constraint they face is the context limit, i.e., the maximum number of tokens they can process. Previous works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Woomin Song , Seunghyuk Oh , Sangwoo Mo , Jaehyung Kim , Sukmin Yun , Jung-Woo Ha , Jinwoo Shin

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI, but are constrained by limited context windows, hindering their utility in tasks like extended conversations and document analysis. To enable using context beyond limited context windows,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Charles Packer , Sarah Wooders , Kevin Lin , Vivian Fang , Shishir G. Patil , Ion Stoica , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Long-term memory is one of the key factors influencing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Model Agents (LLM Agents). Incorporating a memory mechanism that effectively integrates past interactions can significantly enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Haoran Sun , Shaoning Zeng

Transformer-based language models (LMs) track contextual information through large, hard-coded input windows. We introduce MemoryPrompt, a leaner approach in which the LM is complemented by a small auxiliary recurrent network that passes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Marco Baroni

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have shown strong potential in multi-task scenarios, owing to their ability to transfer knowledge across diverse tasks. However, existing approaches often treat prior experiences and knowledge as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shicheng Ye , Chao Yu , Kaiqiang Ke , Chengdong Xu , Yinqi Wei

Prompt learning has become a prevalent strategy for adapting vision-language foundation models to downstream tasks. As large language models (LLMs) have emerged, recent studies have explored the use of category-related descriptions as input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Yubin Wang , Xinyang Jiang , De Cheng , Dongsheng Li , Cairong Zhao

Transformer architectures have achieved state-of-the-art performance across natural language tasks, yet they fundamentally misrepresent the hierarchical nature of human language by processing text as flat token sequences. This results in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ayan Sar , Sampurna Roy , Kanav Gupta , Anurag Kaushish , Tanupriya Choudhury , Abhijit Kumar

Large language model (LLM) agents demonstrate strong performance in short-text contexts but often underperform in extended dialogues due to inefficient memory management. Existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off between efficiency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xiaochen Zhao , Kaikai Wang , Xiaowen Zhang , Chen Yao , Aili Wang

Large language models (LLMs) with one or more fine-tuning phases have become a necessary step to unlock various capabilities, enabling LLMs to follow natural language instructions or align with human preferences. However, it carries the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Tingfeng Hui , Zhenyu Zhang , Shuohuan Wang , Weiran Xu , Yu Sun , Hua Wu

Transformative innovations in model architectures have introduced hierarchical embedding augmentation as a means to redefine the representation of tokens through multi-level semantic structures, offering enhanced adaptability to complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Derek Yotheringhay , Alistair Kirkland , Humphrey Kirkbride , Josiah Whitesteeple

Large Language Models (LLMs) need to adapt to the continuous changes in data, tasks, and user preferences. Due to their massive size and the high costs associated with training, LLMs are not suitable for frequent retraining. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Dongfang Li , Zetian Sun , Xinshuo Hu , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Prompt learning has become a prevalent strategy for adapting vision-language foundation models (VLMs) such as CLIP to downstream tasks. With the emergence of large language models (LLMs), recent studies have explored the potential of using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yubin Wang , Xinyang Jiang , De Cheng , Wenli Sun , Dongsheng Li , Cairong Zhao

Equipping large language models (LLMs) with latent-space memory has attracted increasing attention as they can extend the context window of existing language models. However, retaining information from the distant past remains a challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yu Wang , Dmitry Krotov , Yuanzhe Hu , Yifan Gao , Wangchunshu Zhou , Julian McAuley , Dan Gutfreund , Rogerio Feris , Zexue He
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