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Dynamical interactions in dense star clusters are considered one of the most effective formation channels of binary black holes (BBHs). Here, we present direct $N-$body simulations of two different star cluster families: low-mass…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-10-12 Stefano Torniamenti , Sara Rastello , Michela Mapelli , Ugo N. Di Carlo , Alessandro Ballone , Mario Pasquato

Gravitational-wave detectors are unveiling a population of binary black hole (BBH) mergers out to redshifts $z \approx 1$, and are starting to constrain how the BBH population evolves with redshift. We present predictions for the redshift…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-06-05 Claire S. Ye , Maya Fishbach

We investigate the dynamics of stellar-mass black holes (BH) in star clusters focusing on the dynamical formation of BH-BH binaries, which are very important sources of gravitational waves (GW). We examine the properties of these BH-BH…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2011-02-24 Sambaran Banerjee

Theoretical modeling of massive stars predicts a gap in the black hole (BH) mass function above $\sim 40-50\,M_{\odot}$ for BHs formed through single star evolution, arising from (pulsational) pair-instability supernovae. However, in dense…

Dense star clusters are thought to contribute significantly to the merger rates of stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs) detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration. We combine $N$-body dynamic models of realistic dense star clusters…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-07 Claire S. Ye , Maya Fishbach , Kyle Kremer , Marta Reina-Campos

Several binary black holes (BBHs) have been observed using gravitational wave detectors. For the formation mechanism of BBHs, two main mechanisms, isolated binary evolution and dynamical formation in dense star clusters, have been…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-06-03 Jun Kumamoto , Michiko S. Fujii , Ataru Tanikawa

GW231123 is a merger of two black holes (BHs) with estimated masses exceeding $100\;{\rm M}_{\odot}$, making them the most massive BHs discovered to date via gravitational wave (GW) observations. We investigate whether GW231123-like events…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-18 Ataru Tanikawa , Shuai Liu , WeiWei Wu , Michiko S. Fujii , Long Wang

I investigate the roles of cluster dynamics and massive binary evolution in producing stellar-remnant binary black hole (BBH) mergers over the cosmic time. To that end, dynamical BBH mergers are obtained from long-term direct N-body…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-01-19 Sambaran Banerjee

Binary black holes (BBHs) are one of the endpoints of isolated binary evolution, and their mergers a leading channel for gravitational wave events. Here, using the evolutionary code \textsc{StarTrack}, we study the statistical properties of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-04-19 Rosalba Perna , Martyna Chruslinska , Alessandra Corsi , Krzysztof Belczynski

Population (Pop) III stars, first stars, or metal-free stars are made of primordial gas. We have examined if they can be dominant origins of merging binary black holes (BHs) and extremely metal-poor stars. The abundance pattern of EMP stars…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-06 Ataru Tanikawa , Gen Chiaki , Tomoya Kinugawa , Yudai Suwa , Nozomu Tominaga

Pair instability (PI) and pulsational PI prevent the formation of black holes (BHs) with mass $\gtrsim{}60$ M$_\odot$ from single star evolution. Here, we investigate the possibility that BHs with mass in the PI gap form via stellar mergers…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-07-22 Ugo N. Di Carlo , Michela Mapelli , Yann Bouffanais , Nicola Giacobbo , Filippo Santoliquido , Sandro Bressan , Mario Spera , Francesco Haardt

In order to investigate the formation rate of binary black holes (BBHs) in stellar clusters with a mass comparable to open clusters, we performed a series of direct $N$-body simulations of open clusters with a mass of $2.5\times10^3$ (Model…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-04-24 Jun Kumamoto , Michiko S. Fujii , Ataru Tanikawa

The current gravitational wave (GW) detectors have successfully observed many binary compact objects, and the third generation ground-based GW detectors such as Einstein telescope and space-borne detectors such as LISA will start their GW…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-11-15 Kotaro Hijikawa , Tomoya Kinugawa , Ataru Tanikawa , Takashi Yoshida , Hideyuki Umeda

GW231123 is a binary black hole merger whose primary component lies within or above the pair-instability mass gap, while the secondary component falls within this gap. The standard theory of stellar evolution is significantly challenged by…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-11-11 Shuai Liu , Long Wang , Ataru Tanikawa , Weiwei Wu , Michiko S. Fujii

We model the dynamical evolution of primordial black holes (BHs) in dense star clusters using a simplified treatment of stellar dynamics in which the BHs are assumed to remain concentrated in an inner core, completely decoupled from the…

We study the dynamics of stellar-mass black holes (BH) in star clusters with particular attention to the formation of BH-BH binaries, which are interesting as sources of gravitational waves (GW). We examine the properties of these BH-BH…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Sambaran Banerjee , Holger Baumgardt , Pavel Kroupa

Theoretical predictions suggest that very massive stars have the potential to form through multiple collisions and eventually evolve into intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) within Population III star clusters embedded in mini dark matter…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-09-04 Shuai Liu , Long Wang , Yi-Ming Hu , Ataru Tanikawa , Alessandro A. Trani

The population of binary black hole (BBH) mergers observed by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) collaboration offers a window into the cosmic evolution of compact binaries and their formation. We employ the semi-analytic population-synthesis code…

The recent discovery of the binary black hole (BBH) merger event GW190521, between two black holes (BHs) of $\approx100M_\odot$, and as well as other massive BBH merger events involving BHs within the pair-instability supernova (PSN) mass…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-09-07 Sambaran Banerjee

Young star clusters are dynamically active stellar systems and are a common birthplace for massive stars. Low-mass star clusters ($\sim{}300-10^3$ M$_\odot$) are more numerous than massive systems and are characterized by a two-body…