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We propose a resource-efficient shadow-tomography scheme using equatorial-stabilizer measurements generated from subsets of Clifford unitaries. For $n$-qubit systems, equatorial-stabilizer-based shadow-tomography schemes can estimate $M$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Guedong Park , Yong Siah Teo , Hyunseok Jeong

The classical shadows protocol is an efficient strategy for estimating properties of an unknown state $\rho$ using a small number of state copies and measurements. In its original form, it involves twirling the state with unitaries from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Ning Bao , Kartiek Agarwal

Shadow tomography is a scalable technique to characterise the quantum state of a quantum computer or quantum simulator. The protocol is based on the transformation of the outcomes of random measurements into the so-called classical shadows,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-27 Hai-Chau Nguyen

Noise in existing quantum processors only enables an approximation to ideal quantum computation. However, these approximations can be vastly improved by error mitigation, for the computation of expectation values, as shown by small-scale…

Efficient fidelity estimation of multiqubit quantum states is crucial to many applications in quantum information processing. However, to estimate the infidelity $\epsilon$ with multiplicative precision, conventional estimation protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Zhongyi Yang , Datong Chen , Zihao Li , Huangjun Zhu

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

Extracting information from quantum systems is crucial in quantum physics and information processing. Methods based on randomized measurements, like shadow estimation, show advantages in effectively achieving such tasks. However, randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Zhou You , Qing Liu , You Zhou

Shadow estimation is a method for deducing numerous properties of an unknown quantum state through a limited set of measurements, which suffers from noises in quantum devices. In this paper, we introduce an error-mitigated shadow estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 Ruyu Yang , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

A defining feature in the field of quantum computing is the potential of a quantum device to outperform its classical counterpart for a specific computational task. By now, several proposals exist showing that certain sampling problems can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-23 Rawad Mezher , Joe Ghalbouni , Joseph Dgheim , Damian Markham

We construct a polynomial-time classical algorithm that samples from the output distribution of noisy geometrically local Clifford circuits with any product-state input and single-qubit measurements in any basis. Our results apply to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Dominik Hangleiter , Michael J. Gullans

Characterization of quantum devices generates insights into their sources of disturbances. State-of-the-art characterization protocols often focus on incoherent noise and eliminate coherent errors when using Pauli or Clifford twirling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Noah Kaufmann , Ivan Rojkov , Florentin Reiter

Understanding the effects of noise on quantum computations is fundamental to the development of quantum hardware and quantum algorithms. Simulation tools are essential for quantitatively modelling these effects, yet unless artificial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Anthony P. Thompson , Arie Soeteman , Chris Cade , Ido Niesen

Extracting useful information from noisy near-term quantum simulations requires error mitigation strategies. A broad class of these strategies rely on precise characterization of the noise source. We study the robustness of probabilistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-28 Pradeep Niroula , Sarang Gopalakrishnan , Michael J. Gullans

Shallow quantum circuits are believed to be the most promising candidates for achieving early practical quantum advantage - this has motivated the development of a broad range of error mitigation techniques whose performance generally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-13 Jonathan Foldager , Bálint Koczor

We develop a classical shadow tomography protocol utilizing the randomized measurement scheme based on hybrid quantum circuits, which consist of layers of two-qubit random unitary gates mixed with single-qubit random projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

As quantum devices make steady progress towards intermediate scale and fault-tolerant quantum computing, it is essential to develop rigorous and efficient measurement protocols that account for known sources of noise. Most existing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-22 M. J. Gullans , M. Caranti , A. R. Mills , J. R. Petta

Motivated by realistic hardware considerations of the pre-fault-tolerant era, we comprehensively study the impact of uncorrected noise on quantum circuits. We first show that any noise `truncates' most quantum circuits to effectively…

Variational algorithms are a promising paradigm for utilizing near-term quantum devices for modeling electronic states of molecular systems. However, previous bounds on the measurement time required have suggested that the application of…

Quantum noise in real-world devices poses a significant challenge in achieving practical quantum advantage, since accurately compiled and executed circuits are typically deep and highly susceptible to decoherence. To facilitate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-13 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

The first generation of multi-qubit quantum technologies will consist of noisy, intermediate-scale devices for which active error correction remains out of reach. To exploit such devices, it is thus imperative to use passive error…