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Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are ubiquitous in almost all levels of education since they are easy to administer, grade, and are a reliable format in assessments and practices. One of the most important aspects of MCQs is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Wanyong Feng , Jaewook Lee , Hunter McNichols , Alexander Scarlatos , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Nancy Otero Ornelas , Andrew Lan

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are ubiquitous in almost all levels of education since they are easy to administer, grade, and are a reliable form of assessment. An important aspect of MCQs is the distractors, i.e., incorrect options that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Hunter McNichols , Wanyong Feng , Jaewook Lee , Alexander Scarlatos , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

In designing multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in education, creating plausible distractors is crucial for identifying students' misconceptions and gaps in knowledge and accurately assessing their understanding. However, prior studies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yooseop Lee , Suin Kim , Yohan Jo

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in digital learning systems, as they allow for automating the assessment process. However, due to the increased digital literacy of students and the advent of social media platforms, MCQ…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Semere Kiros Bitew , Amir Hadifar , Lucas Sterckx , Johannes Deleu , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

High-quality distractors are crucial to both the assessment and pedagogical value of multiple-choice questions (MCQs), where manually crafting ones that anticipate knowledge deficiencies or misconceptions among real students is difficult.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Nigel Fernandez , Alexander Scarlatos , Wanyong Feng , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

The distractor generation task focuses on generating incorrect but plausible options for objective questions such as fill-in-the-blank and multiple-choice questions. This task is widely utilized in educational settings across various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Elaf Alhazmi , Quan Z. Sheng , Wei Emma Zhang , Munazza Zaib , Ahoud Alhazmi

For the field of education, being able to generate semantically correct and educationally relevant multiple choice questions (MCQs) could have a large impact. While question generation itself is an active research topic, generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Jeroen Offerijns , Suzan Verberne , Tessa Verhoef

Distractors-incorrect yet plausible answer choices in multiple-choice questions (MCQs)-are vital in educational assessments, as they help identify student misconceptions by presenting potential reasoning errors. Current distractor…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tao Wu , Jingyuan Chen , Wang Lin , Jian Zhan , Mengze Li , Fangzhou Jin , Min Zhang , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

In this paper, we tackle the task of distractor generation (DG) for multiple-choice questions. Our study introduces two key designs. First, we propose \textit{retrieval augmented pretraining}, which involves refining the language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Han-Cheng Yu , Yu-An Shih , Kin-Man Law , Kai-Yu Hsieh , Yu-Chen Cheng , Hsin-Chih Ho , Zih-An Lin , Wen-Chuan Hsu , Yao-Chung Fan

This paper presents a novel approach to automatic generation of adequate distractors for a given question-answer pair (QAP) generated from a given article to form an adequate multiple-choice question (MCQ). Our method is a combination of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Cheng Zhang , Yicheng Sun , Hejia Chen , Jie Wang

To assess the knowledge proficiency of a learner, multiple choice question is an efficient and widespread form in standard tests. However, the composition of the multiple choice question, especially the construction of distractors is quite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Zhaopeng Qiu , Xian Wu , Wei Fan

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are a popular method for evaluating students' knowledge due to their efficiency in administration and grading. Crafting high-quality math MCQs is a labor-intensive process that requires educators to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Jaewook Lee , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have demonstrated remarkable performance across various tasks and have garnered significant attention from both researchers and practitioners. However, in an educational context, we still observe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Semere Kiros Bitew , Johannes Deleu , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

In this paper, we investigate the following two limitations for the existing distractor generation (DG) methods. First, the quality of the existing DG methods are still far from practical use. There is still room for DG quality improvement.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Ho-Lam Chung , Ying-Hong Chan , Yao-Chung Fan

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are an efficient and common way to assess reading comprehension (RC). Every MCQ needs a set of distractor answers that are incorrect, but plausible enough to test student knowledge. Distractor generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Bilal Ghanem , Alona Fyshe

An important part when constructing multiple-choice questions (MCQs) for reading comprehension assessment are the distractors, the incorrect but preferably plausible answer options. In this paper, we present a new BERT-based method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Dmytro Kalpakchi , Johan Boye

We investigate the task of distractor generation for multiple choice reading comprehension questions from examinations. In contrast to all previous works, we do not aim at preparing words or short phrases distractors, instead, we endeavor…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-19 Yifan Gao , Lidong Bing , Piji Li , Irwin King , Michael R. Lyu

Multiple-choice cloze questions are commonly used to assess linguistic proficiency and comprehension. However, generating high-quality distractors remains challenging, as existing methods often lack adaptability and control over difficulty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Seokhoon Kang , Yejin Jeon , Seonjeong Hwang , Gary Geunbae Lee

Evaluating generative models with open-ended generation is challenging due to inconsistencies in response formats. Multiple-choice (MC) evaluation mitigates this issue, but generating high-quality distractors is time-consuming and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Grace Byun , Jinho D. Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various educational tasks, yet their alignment with human learning patterns, particularly in predicting which incorrect options students are most likely to select in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Naiming Liu , Shashank Sonkar , Richard G. Baraniuk
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