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Quantum computing (QC) seems to show potential for application in machine learning (ML). In particular quantum kernel methods (QKM) exhibit promising properties for use in supervised ML tasks. However, a major disadvantage of kernel methods…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-14 Kilian Tscharke , Sebastian Issel , Pascal Debus

Quantum computers are becoming more mainstream. As more programmers are starting to look at writing quantum programs, they need to test and debug their code. In this paper, we discuss various use-cases for quantum computers, either…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Andriy Miranskyy , Lei Zhang , Javad Doliskani

One of the key steps in quantum algorithms is to prepare an initial quantum superposition state with different kinds of features. These so-called state preparation algorithms are essential to the behavior of quantum algorithms, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Liyi Li , Anshu Sharma , Zoukarneini Difaizi Tagba , Sean Frett , Alex Potanin

As quantum programming evolves, more and more quantum programming languages are being developed. As a result, debugging and testing quantum programs have become increasingly important. While bug fixing in classical programs has come a long…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-24 Junjie Luo , Pengzhan Zhao , Zhongtao Miao , Shuhan Lan , Jianjun Zhao

Quantum computing platforms are susceptible to quantum-specific bugs (e.g., incorrect ordering of qubits or incorrect implementation of quantum abstractions), which are difficult to detect and require specialized expertise. The field faces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Matteo Paltenghi , Michael Pradel

Quantum computers are highly susceptible to errors due to unintended interactions with their environment. It is crucial to correct these errors without gaining information about the quantum state, which would result in its destruction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-22 Santiago Lopez , Jonathan Andrade Plascencia , Gabriel N. Perdue

Quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in quantum computing. Entangling information has important implications for understanding the behavior of quantum programs and avoiding entanglement-induced errors. Entanglement analysis is a static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Shangzhou Xia , Jianjun Zhao

Quantum algorithms, represented as quantum circuits, can be used as benchmarks for assessing the performance of quantum systems. Existing datasets, widely utilized in the field, suffer from limitations in size and versatility, leading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-26 Boran Apak , Medina Bandic , Aritra Sarkar , Sebastian Feld

Quantum Computing (QC) refers to an emerging paradigm that inherits and builds with the concepts and phenomena of Quantum Mechanic (QM) with the significant potential to unlock a remarkable opportunity to solve complex and computationally…

Testing and debugging quantum software pose significant challenges due to the inherent complexities of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement. One challenge is indeterminacy, a fundamental characteristic of quantum…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Khushdeep Kaur , Dongchan Kim , Ainaz Jamshidi , Lei Zhang

As quantum technology advances, the efficient design of quantum circuits has become an important area of research. This paper provides an introduction to the MCT quantum circuit design problem for reversible Boolean functions with the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-10 Jihye Jung , Kevin Dalmeijer , Pascal Van Hentenryck

As hybrid quantum-classical models gain traction in machine learning, there is a growing need for tools that assess their effectiveness beyond raw accuracy. We present QMetric, a Python package offering a suite of interpretable metrics to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Silvie Illésová , Tomasz Rybotycki , Martin Beseda

Quantum systems, in general, output data that cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, and hence is useful for solving certain mathematical problems and simulating quantum many-body systems. This also implies, unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Keisuke Fujii , Masahito Hayashi

We give a new theoretical solution to a leading-edge experimental challenge, namely to the verification of quantum computations in the regime of high computational complexity. Our results are given in the language of quantum interactive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-25 Anne Broadbent

As quantum algorithms and hardware continue to evolve, ensuring the correctness of the quantum software stack (QSS) has become increasingly important. However, testing QSSes remains challenging due to the oracle problem, i.e., the lack of a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Junjie Luo , Shangzhou Xia , Fuyuan Zhang , Jianjun Zhao

With nowadays steadily growing quantum processors, it is required to develop new quantum tomography tools that are tailored for high-dimensional systems. In this work, we describe such a computational tool, based on recent ideas from…

Realistic modeling of qubit systems including noise and constraints imposed by control hardware is required for performance prediction and control optimization of quantum processors. We introduce qopt, a software framework for simulating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Julian D. Teske , Pascal Cerfontaine , Hendrik Bluhm

Quantum resource analysis is crucial for designing quantum circuits as well as assessing the viability of arbitrary (error-corrected) quantum computations. To this end, we introduce QUANTIFY, which is an open-source framework for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-22 Oumarou Oumarou , Alexandru Paler , Robert Basmadjian

In this work, we propose a framework in the form of a Python package, specifically designed for the analysis of Quantum Machine Learning models. This framework is based on the PennyLane simulator and facilitates the evaluation and training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Melvin Strobl , Maja Franz , Eileen Kuehn , Wolfgang Mauerer , Achim Streit

The subject of this work is quantum predicative programming -- the study of developing of programs intended for execution on a quantum computer. We look at programming in the context of formal methods of program development, or programming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-19 Anya Tafliovich , E. C. R. Hehner