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This study is about inducing classifiers using data that is imbalanced, with a minority class being under-represented in relation to the majority classes. The first section of this research focuses on the main characteristics of data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Shivaditya Shivganesh , Nitin Narayanan N , Pranav Murali , Ajaykumar M

Data abundance across different domains exhibits a long-tailed distribution: few domains have abundant data, while most face data scarcity. Our work focuses on a multilingual setting, where available data is heavily skewed towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Tianjian Li , Haoran Xu , Weiting Tan , Kenton Murray , Daniel Khashabi

We propose to formulate multi-label learning as a estimation of class distribution in a non-linear embedding space, where for each label, its positive data embeddings and negative data embeddings distribute compactly to form a positive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Zhuo Yang , Yufei Han , Guoxian Yu , Qiang Yang , Xiangliang Zhang

Multi-label image recognition with incomplete labels is a challenging yet vital task in computer vision, which faces two fundamental challenges: learning semantic-aware features and recovering missing labels. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhi-Fen He , Ren-Dong Xie , Bo Li , Bin Liu , Jin-Yan Hu

With the expansion of data availability, machine learning (ML) has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in both academia and industry. However, imbalanced data distributions are prevalent in various types of raw data and severely hinder the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Xinyi Gao , Dongting Xie , Yihang Zhang , Zhengren Wang , Chong Chen , Conghui He , Hongzhi Yin , Wentao Zhang

In semi-supervised learning, the prevailing understanding suggests that observing additional unlabeled samples improves estimation accuracy for linear parameters only in the case of model misspecification. In this work, we challenge such a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Kai Chen , Yuqian Zhang

Unsupervised domain adaptation aiming to learn a specific task for one domain using another domain data has emerged to address the labeling issue in supervised learning, especially because it is difficult to obtain massive amounts of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Jaeyoon Yoo , Changhwa Park , Yongjun Hong , Sungroh Yoon

Learning with Noisy Labels (LNL) has attracted significant attention from the research community. Many recent LNL methods rely on the assumption that clean samples tend to have "small loss". However, this assumption always fails to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 MingCai Chen , Yu Zhao , Bing He , Zongbo Han , Bingzhe Wu , Jianhua Yao

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms struggle to perform well when exposed to imbalanced training data. In this scenario, the generated pseudo-labels can exhibit a bias towards the majority class, and models that employ these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Zeju Li , Ying-Qiu Zheng , Chen Chen , Saad Jbabdi

Machine learning has demonstrated remarkable prediction accuracy over i.i.d data, but the accuracy often drops when tested with data from another distribution. In this paper, we aim to offer another view of this problem in a perspective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Haohan Wang , Zeyi Huang , Hanlin Zhang , Yong Jae Lee , Eric Xing

Despite the remarkable performance of supervised medical image segmentation models, relying on a large amount of labeled data is impractical in real-world situations. Semi-supervised learning approaches aim to alleviate this challenge using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yunyao Lu , Yihang Wu , Ahmad Chaddad , Tareef Daqqaq , Reem Kateb

Label distribution learning (LDL) differs from multi-label learning which aims at representing the polysemy of instances by transforming single-label values into descriptive degrees. Unfortunately, the feature space of the label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Weiyi Cong , Zhuoran Zheng , Xiuyi Jia

The presence of label noise often misleads the training of deep neural networks. Departing from the recent literature which largely assumes the label noise rate is only determined by the true label class, the errors in human-annotated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Zhaowei Zhu , Tongliang Liu , Yang Liu

Multi-label classification is a type of supervised learning where an instance may belong to multiple labels simultaneously. Predicting each label independently has been criticized for not exploiting any correlation between labels. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-25 Hyukjun Gweon , Matthias Schonlau , Stefan Steiner

Random splitting of datasets in image segmentation often leads to unrepresentative test sets, resulting in biased evaluations and poor model generalization. While stratified sampling has proven effective for addressing label distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Naga Venkata Sai Jitin Jami , Thomas Altstidl , Jonas Mueller , Jindong Li , Dario Zanca , Bjoern Eskofier , Heike Leutheuser

Extracting fashion attributes from images of people wearing clothing/fashion accessories is a very hard multi-class classification problem. Most often, even catalogues of fashion do not have all the fine-grained attributes tagged due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Sandeep Singh Adhikari , Sukhneer Singh , Anoop Rajagopal , Aruna Rajan

Class distribution skews in imbalanced datasets may lead to models with prediction bias towards majority classes, making fair assessment of classifiers a challenging task. Metrics such as Balanced Accuracy are commonly used to evaluate a…

This work investigates the phenomenon of Neural Collapse (NC) in multi-label classification, extending its conceptual framework from multi-class learning to general correlated and imbalanced multi-label settings. Although recent studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiaoxuan Ma , Yixuan Yang , Song Li , Xiangyun Hui

The multi-label classification framework, where each observation can be associated with a set of labels, has generated a tremendous amount of attention over recent years. The modern multi-label problems are typically large-scale in terms of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-16 Evgenii Chzhen , Christophe Denis , Mohamed Hebiri , Joseph Salmon

Class imbalance significantly impacts the performance of multi-label classifiers. Oversampling is one of the most popular approaches, as it augments instances associated with less frequent labels to balance the class distribution. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Ao Zhou , Bin Liu , Jin Wang , Kaiwei Sun , Kelin Liu