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While many researchers use Large Language Models (LLMs) through chat-based access, their real potential lies in leveraging LLMs via application programming interfaces (APIs). This paper conceptualizes LLMs as universal text processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Ivan Zupic

This research tests the role of Large Language Models (LLMs) as formal second opinion tools in professional decision-making, particularly focusing on complex medical cases where even experienced physicians seek peer consultation. The work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 David Noever

Cross-domain analogical reasoning is a core creative ability that can be challenging for humans. Recent work has shown some proofs-of concept of Large language Models' (LLMs) ability to generate cross-domain analogies. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Zijian Ding , Arvind Srinivasan , Stephen MacNeil , Joel Chan

A comprehensive qualitative evaluation framework for large language models (LLM) in healthcare that expands beyond traditional accuracy and quantitative metrics needed. We propose 5 key aspects for evaluation of LLMs: Safety, Consensus,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant limitations in understanding creative content, as demonstrated by Hessel et al. (2023)'s influential work on the New Yorker Cartoon Caption Contest (NYCCC). Their study exposed a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Kuan Lok Zhou , Jiayi Chen , Siddharth Suresh , Reuben Narad , Timothy T. Rogers , Lalit K Jain , Robert D Nowak , Bob Mankoff , Jifan Zhang

Recent studies have used both automatic metrics and human evaluations to assess the simplification abilities of LLMs. However, the suitability of existing evaluation methodologies for LLMs remains in question. First, the suitability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Xuanxin Wu , Yuki Arase

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, accurately and comprehensively evaluating their performance becomes increasingly challenging. Ranking the relative performance of LLMs based on Elo ratings, according to human judgment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minghao Wu , Alham Fikri Aji

Academic researchers need efficient and reliable methods for collecting high-quality information from trusted sources, but modern tools for AI-assisted research still suffer from the tendency of Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Gábor Recski , Szilveszter Tóth , Nadia Verdha , István Boros , Ádám Kovács

Automated text annotation is a compelling use case for generative large language models (LLMs) in social media research. Recent work suggests that LLMs can achieve strong performance on annotation tasks; however, these studies evaluate LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable prowess in various tasks necessitating sophisticated cognitive behaviors. Nevertheless, a paradoxical performance discrepancy is observed, where these models underperform in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Yuchen Fan , Yantao Liu , Zijun Yao , Jifan Yu , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

The increasing prevalence of online misinformation has heightened the demand for automated fact-checking solutions. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools for assisting in this task, but their effectiveness remains…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Nicolo' Fontana , Francesco Corso , Enrico Zuccolotto , Francesco Pierri

Accurate query-product relevance labeling is indispensable to generate ground truth dataset for search ranking in e-commerce. Traditional approaches for annotating query-product pairs rely on human-based labeling services, which is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jayant Sachdev , Sean D Rosario , Abhijeet Phatak , He Wen , Swati Kirti , Chittaranjan Tripathy

Alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) remains an unsolved problem. Human preferences are highly distributed and can be captured at multiple levels of abstraction, from the individual to diverse populations. Organisational preferences,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Gareth Seneque , Lap-Hang Ho , Ariel Kuperman , Nafise Erfanian Saeedi , Jeffrey Molendijk

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly tuned to power complex generation tasks such as writing, fact-seeking, querying and reasoning. Traditionally, human or model feedback for evaluating and further tuning LLM performance has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Yukti Makhija , Priyanka Agrawal , Rishi Saket , Aravindan Raghuveer

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate textual explanations of process models discovered from event logs. Producing explanations from large behavioral abstractions (e.g., directly-follows graphs or Petri nets) can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 P. van Oerle , R. H. Bemthuis , F. A. Bukhsh

Academic paper review typically requires substantial time, expertise, and human resources. Large Language Models (LLMs) present a promising method for automating the review process due to their extensive training data, broad knowledge base,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chuanlei Li , Xu Hu , Minghui Xu , Kun Li , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Using large language models (LLMs) to annotate relevance is an increasingly important technique in the information retrieval community. While some studies demonstrate that LLMs can achieve high user agreement with ground truth (human)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Watheq Mansour , J. Shane Culpepper , Joel Mackenzie , Andrew Yates

Reward models (RMs) are a crucial component in the alignment of large language models' (LLMs) outputs with human values. RMs approximate human preferences over possible LLM responses to the same prompt by predicting and comparing reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Junqi Jiang , Tom Bewley , Saumitra Mishra , Freddy Lecue , Manuela Veloso

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential as effective search relevance evaluators. However, there is a lack of comprehensive guidance on which models consistently perform optimally across various contexts or within specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Silvia Terragni , Hoang Cuong , Joachim Daiber , Pallavi Gudipati , Pablo N. Mendes

The performance of Large language models (LLMs) across a broad range of domains has been impressive but have been critiqued as not being able to reason about their process and conclusions derived. This is to explain the conclusions draw,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Rob Sullivan , Nelly Elsayed