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Graph problems such as traveling salesman problem, or finding minimal Steiner trees are widely studied and used in data engineering and computer science. Typically, in real-world applications, the features of the graph tend to change over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Udesh Gunarathna , Renata Borovica-Gajic , Shanika Karunasekara , Egemen Tanin

The Orienteering Problem with Time Windows (OPTW) is a combinatorial optimization problem where the goal is to maximize the total score collected from different visited locations. The application of neural network models to combinatorial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Ricardo Gama , Hugo L. Fernandes

Test-Time adaptation (TTA) aims to enhance model robustness against distribution shifts through rapid model adaptation during inference. While existing TTA methods often rely on entropy-based unsupervised training and achieve promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Zixuan Hu , Yichun Hu , Ling-Yu Duan

Data Augmentation (DA) -- enriching training data by adding synthetic samples -- is a technique widely adopted in Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks to improve models performance. Yet, DA has struggled to gain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Chao Wang , Alessandro Finamore , Pietro Michiardi , Massimo Gallo , Dario Rossi

Data augmentation has been actively studied for robust neural networks. Most of the recent data augmentation methods focus on augmenting datasets during the training phase. At the testing phase, simple transformations are still widely used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Ildoo Kim , Younghoon Kim , Sungwoong Kim

Several important optimization problems in the area of vehicle routing can be seen as a variant of the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In the area of evolutionary computation, the traveling thief problem (TTP) has gained…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Jakob Bossek , Katrin Casel , Pascal Kerschke , Frank Neumann

This paper presents a framework to tackle combinatorial optimization problems using neural networks and reinforcement learning. We focus on the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and train a recurrent network that, given a set of city…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Irwan Bello , Hieu Pham , Quoc V. Le , Mohammad Norouzi , Samy Bengio

The Traveling salesman problem (TSP) is proved to be NP-complete in most cases. The genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the most useful algorithms for solving this problem. In this paper a conventional GA is compared with an improved hybrid GA…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-09-11 Keivan Borna , Vahid Haji Hashemi

Currently, pre-trained language models (PLMs) do not cope well with the distribution shift problem, resulting in models trained on the training set failing in real test scenarios. To address this problem, the test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Yi Su , Yixin Ji , Juntao Li , Hai Ye , Min Zhang

Deep learning models perform poorly when domain shifts exist between training and test data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a paradigm to mitigate this issue by adapting pre-trained models using only unlabeled test samples. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Junsu Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

We present a self-learning approach that combines deep reinforcement learning and Monte Carlo tree search to solve the traveling salesman problem. The proposed approach has two advantages. First, it adopts deep reinforcement learning to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-15 Zhihao Xing , Shikui Tu , Lei Xu

Test-time training (TTT) methods explicitly update the weights of a model to adapt to the specific test instance, and they have found success in a variety of settings, including most recently language modeling and reasoning. To demystify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Halil Alperen Gozeten , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Xuechen Zhang , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi , Marco Mondelli , Samet Oymak

Deep learning techniques depend on large datasets whose annotation is time-consuming. To reduce annotation burden, the self-training (ST) and active-learning (AL) methods have been developed as well as methods that combine them in an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Bella Specktor-Fadida , Anna Levchakov , Dana Schonberger , Liat Ben-Sira , Dafna Ben-Bashat , Leo Joskowicz

Recently, test-time adaptation (TTA) has been proposed as a promising solution for addressing distribution shifts. It allows a base model to adapt to an unforeseen distribution during inference by leveraging the information from the batch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Tong Wu , Feiran Jia , Xiangyu Qi , Jiachen T. Wang , Vikash Sehwag , Saeed Mahloujifar , Prateek Mittal

Machine learning methods strive to acquire a robust model during the training process that can effectively generalize to test samples, even in the presence of distribution shifts. However, these methods often suffer from performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Jian Liang , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

This paper proposes a framework that formulates a wide range of graph combinatorial optimization problems using permutation-based representations. These problems include the travelling salesman problem, maximum independent set, maximum cut,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yimeng Min

Generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of classical traveling salesman problem (TSP), which is a combinatorial optimization problem and an NP-hard problem. In this paper, an efficient discrete state transition…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-22 Xiaolin Tang , Chunhua Yang , Xiaojun Zhou , Weihua Gui

Test-time alignment (TTA) aims to adapt models to specific rewards during inference. However, existing methods tend to either under-optimise or over-optimise (reward hack) the target reward function. We propose Null-Text Test-Time Alignment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Taehoon Kim , Henry Gouk , Timothy Hospedales

Deep learning models often struggle under natural distribution shifts, a common challenge in real-world deployments. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during inference without labeled source data. We present the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 John Turnbull , Shivam Grover , Amin Jalali , Ali Etemad

In this work we introduce an evolutionary strategy to solve combinatorial optimization tasks, i.e. problems characterized by a discrete search space. In particular, we focus on the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), i.e. a famous problem…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-08-05 Marco Alberto Javarone