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High-fidelity general audio compression at ultra-low bitrates is crucial for applications ranging from low-bandwidth communication to generative audio-language modeling. Traditional audio compression methods and contemporary neural codecs…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Hao Ma , Ruihao Jing , Shansong Liu , Cheng Gong , Chi Zhang , Xiao-Lei Zhang , Xuelong Li

Neural networks have proven to be a formidable tool to tackle the problem of speech coding at very low bit rates. However, the design of a neural coder that can be operated robustly under real-world conditions remains a major challenge.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Nicola Pia , Kishan Gupta , Srikanth Korse , Markus Multrus , Guillaume Fuchs

Neural audio codecs have gained recent popularity for their use in generative modeling as they offer high-fidelity audio reconstruction at low bitrates. While human listening studies remain the gold standard for assessing perceptual…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Luca A. Lanzendörfer , Florian Grötschla

Neural Audio Codecs (NACs) have gained growing attention in recent years as technologies for audio compression and audio representation in speech language models. While mainstream NACs typically require G-level computation and M-level…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-27 Zixiang Wan , Guochang Zhang , Yifeng He , Jianqiang Wei

Neural audio codecs (NACs) achieve low-bitrate compression by learning compact audio representations, which can also serve as features for perceptual quality evaluation. We introduce DACe, an enhanced, higher-fidelity version of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Arijit Biswas , Lars Villemoes

Automatic detection of synthetic speech is becoming increasingly important as current synthesis methods are both near indistinguishable from human speech and widely accessible to the public. Audio watermarking and other active disclosure…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Lauri Juvela , Xin Wang

Neural speech codecs have recently emerged as a focal point in the fields of speech compression and generation. Despite this progress, achieving high-quality speech reconstruction under low-bitrate scenarios remains a significant challenge.…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yu Pan , Xiang Zhang , Yuguang Yang , Jixun Yao , Yanni Hu , Jianhao Ye , Hongbin Zhou , Lei Ma , Jianjun Zhao

Neural audio/speech coding has recently demonstrated its capability to deliver high quality at much lower bitrates than traditional methods. However, existing neural audio/speech codecs employ either acoustic features or learned blind…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Huaying Xue , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu

Automatic coded audio quality assessment is an important task whose progress is hampered by the scarcity of human annotations, poor generalization to unseen codecs, bitrates, content-types, and a lack of flexibility of existing approaches.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-31 Guanxin Jiang , Arijit Biswas , Christian Bergler , Andreas Maier

Speech codecs are traditionally optimized for waveform fidelity, allocating bits to preserve acoustic detail even when much of it can be inferred from linguistic structure. This leads to inefficient compression and suboptimal performance on…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Liuyang Bai , Weiyi Lu , Li Guo

Neural Audio Codecs (NACs) have become increasingly adopted in speech processing tasks due to their excellent rate-distortion performance and compatibility with Large Language Models (LLMs) as discrete feature representations for audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Harry Julian , Rachel Beeson , Lohith Konathala , Johanna Ulin , Jiameng Gao

Music codecs are a vital aspect of audio codec research, and ultra low-bitrate compression holds significant importance for music transmission and generation. Due to the complexity of music backgrounds and the richness of vocals, solely…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Yaoxun Xu , Hangting Chen , Jianwei Yu , Wei Tan , Rongzhi Gu , Shun Lei , Zhiwei Lin , Zhiyong Wu

We present STFTCodec, a novel spectral-based neural audio codec that efficiently compresses audio using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Unlike waveform-based approaches that require large model capacity and substantial memory…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Tao Feng , Zhiyuan Zhao , Yifan Xie , Yuqi Ye , Xiangyang Luo , Xun Guan , Yu Li

Neural audio codecs are at the core of modern conversational speech technologies, converting continuous speech into sequences of discrete tokens that can be processed by LLMs. However, existing codecs typically operate at fixed frame rates,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

This paper introduces FlowMAC, a novel neural audio codec for high-quality general audio compression at low bit rates based on conditional flow matching (CFM). FlowMAC jointly learns a mel spectrogram encoder, quantizer and decoder. At…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Nicola Pia , Martin Strauss , Markus Multrus , Bernd Edler

In this work, we address the challenge of encoding speech captured by a microphone array using deep learning techniques with the aim of preserving and accurately reconstructing crucial spatial cues embedded in multi-channel recordings. We…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Zhongweiyang Xu , Yong Xu , Vinay Kothapally , Heming Wang , Muqiao Yang , Dong Yu

Speech codecs serve as a crucial bridge in unifying speech and text language models. Existing codec methods face several challenges in semantic encoding, such as residual paralinguistic information (e.g., timbre, emotion), insufficient…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-06 Chunyu Qiang , Haoyu Wang , Cheng Gong , Tianrui Wang , Ruibo Fu , Tao Wang , Ruilong Chen , Jiangyan Yi , Zhengqi Wen , Chen Zhang , Longbiao Wang , Jianwu Dang , Jianhua Tao

Deep learning-based hearing loss compensation (HLC) seeks to enhance speech intelligibility and quality for hearing impaired listeners using neural networks. One major challenge of HLC is the lack of a ground-truth target. Recent works have…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Philippe Gonzalez , Torsten Dau , Tobias May

This paper presents FunCodec, a fundamental neural speech codec toolkit, which is an extension of the open-source speech processing toolkit FunASR. FunCodec provides reproducible training recipes and inference scripts for the latest neural…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhihao Du , Shiliang Zhang , Kai Hu , Siqi Zheng

Neural audio codecs are widely used as tokenizers for spoken language models, but they are optimized for waveform reconstruction rather than autoregressive prediction. This mismatch injects acoustically driven uncertainty into the discrete…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ho-Lam Chung , Yiming Chen , Hung-yi Lee
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