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Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is the task of tagging each document with the relevant labels from a very large space of predefined categories. Recently, large pre-trained Transformer models have made significant performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Ruohong Zhang , Yau-Shian Wang , Yiming Yang , Tom Vu , Likun Lei

The goal in extreme multi-label classification is to learn a classifier which can assign a small subset of relevant labels to an instance from an extremely large set of target labels. Datasets in extreme classification exhibit a long tail…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-06 Rohit Babbar , Bernhard Schölkopf

In Multi-Label Text Classification (MLTC), one sample can belong to more than one class. It is observed that most MLTC tasks, there are dependencies or correlations among labels. Existing methods tend to ignore the relationship among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Ankit Pal , Muru Selvakumar , Malaikannan Sankarasubbu

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is an important problem in the era of big data, for tagging a given text with the most relevant multiple labels from an extremely large-scale label set. XMTC can be found in many applications,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Ronghui You , Zihan Zhang , Ziye Wang , Suyang Dai , Hiroshi Mamitsuka , Shanfeng Zhu

We consider the extreme multi-label text classification (XMC) problem: given an input text, return the most relevant labels from a large label collection. For example, the input text could be a product description on Amazon.com and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Wei-Cheng Chang , Hsiang-Fu Yu , Kai Zhong , Yiming Yang , Inderjit Dhillon

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) involves learning a classifier that can assign an input with a subset of most relevant labels from millions of label choices. Recent approaches, such as XR-Transformer and LightXML, leverage a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Siddhant Kharbanda , Atmadeep Banerjee , Erik Schultheis , Rohit Babbar

Foundation models have revolutionized artificial intelligence across numerous domains, yet their transformative potential remains largely untapped in Extreme Multi-label Classification (XMC). Queries in XMC are associated with relevant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Diego Ortego , Marlon Rodríguez , Mario Almagro , Kunal Dahiya , David Jiménez , Juan C. SanMiguel

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) refers to the task of tagging instances with small subsets of relevant labels coming from an extremely large set of all possible labels. Recently, XMLC has been widely applied to diverse web…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Marek Wydmuch , Kalina Jasinska-Kobus , Rohit Babbar , Krzysztof Dembczyński

In the context of Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC), where labels are assigned to text instances from a large label space, the long-tail distribution of labels presents a significant challenge. Labels can be broadly categorized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Celso França , Gestefane Rabbi , Thiago Salles , Washington Cunha , Leonardo Rocha , Marcos André Gonçalves

In natural language processing, extreme multi-label text classification is an emerging but essential task. The problem of extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is to recall some of the most relevant labels for a text from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Qing Wang , Jia Zhu , Hongji Shu , Kwame Omono Asamoah , Jianyang Shi , Cong Zhou

Extreme multi-label (XML) classification refers to the task of supervised multi-label learning that involves a large number of labels. Hence, scalability of the classifier with increasing label dimension is an important consideration. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Istasis Mishra , Arpan Dasgupta , Pratik Jawanpuria , Bamdev Mishra , Pawan Kumar

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC) has been a tough challenge in machine learning research and applications due to the sheer sizes of the label spaces and the severe data scarce problem associated with the long tail of rare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Ruohong Zhang , Yau-Shian Wang , Yiming Yang , Donghan Yu , Tom Vu , Likun Lei

Label Distribution Learning (LDL) is a novel machine learning paradigm that assigns label distribution to each instance. Many LDL methods proposed to leverage label correlation in the learning process to solve the exponential-sized output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Zhiqiang Kou jing wang yuheng jia xin geng

Extreme classification tasks are multi-label tasks with an extremely large number of labels (tags). These tasks are hard because the label space is usually (i) very large, e.g. thousands or millions of labels, (ii) very sparse, i.e. very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Elham J. Barezi , Iacer Calixto , Kyunghyun Cho , Pascale Fung

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) addresses the problem of tagging each text with the most relevant labels from an extreme-scale label set. Traditional methods use bag-of-words (BOW) representations without context information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Ronghui You , Zihan Zhang , Suyang Dai , Shanfeng Zhu

Extreme Multi-label Classification (XMC) involves predicting a subset of relevant labels from an extremely large label space, given an input query and labels with textual features. Models developed for this problem have conventionally made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Siddhant Kharbanda , Devaansh Gupta , Gururaj K , Pankaj Malhotra , Amit Singh , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Rohit Babbar

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) aims at tagging a document with most relevant labels from an extremely large-scale label set. It is a challenging problem especially for the tail labels because there are only few training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-15 Xin Huang , Boli Chen , Lin Xiao , Liping Jing

Recently, label distribution learning (LDL) has drawn much attention in machine learning, where LDL model is learned from labelel instances. Different from single-label and multi-label annotations, label distributions describe the instance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Qinghai Zheng , Jihua Zhu , Haoyu Tang , Xinyuan Liu , Zhongyu Li , Huimin Lu

In Extreme Multi Label Completion (XMLCo), the objective is to predict the missing labels of a collection of documents. Together with XML Classification, XMLCo is arguably one of the most challenging document classification tasks, as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Julien Audiffren , Christophe Broillet , Ljiljana Dolamic , Philippe Cudré-Mauroux

In practical domains, high-dimensional data are usually associated with diverse semantic labels, whereas traditional feature selection methods are designed for single-label data. Moreover, existing multi-label methods encounter two main…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yan Zhong , Xingyu Wu , Xinping Zhao , Li Zhang , Xinyuan Song , Lei Shi , Bingbing Jiang