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The first automated essay scoring system was developed 50 years ago. Automated essay scoring systems are developing into systems with richer functions than the previous simple scoring systems. Its purpose is not only to score essays but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 You-Jin Jong , Yong-Jin Kim , Ok-Chol Ri

As artificial intelligence systems become increasingly prevalent in education, a fundamental challenge emerges: how can we verify if an AI truly understands how students think and reason? Traditional evaluation methods like measuring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shashank Sonkar , Naiming Liu , Xinghe Chen , Richard G. Baraniuk

Undergraduate students of artificial intelligence often struggle with representing knowledge as logical sentences. This is a skill that seems to require extensive practice to obtain, suggesting a teaching strategy that involves the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2015-07-15 Angelo Kyrilov , David Noelle

This paper surveys and organizes research works in an under-studied area, which we call automated evaluation for student argumentative writing. Unlike traditional automated writing evaluation that focuses on holistic essay scoring, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xinyu Wang , Yohan Lee , Juneyoung Park

Grading short answer questions automatically with interpretable reasoning behind the grading decision is a challenging goal for current transformer approaches. Justification cue detection, in combination with logical reasoners, has shown a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Felix Künnecke , Anna Filighera , Colin Leong , Tim Steuer

The rapid adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools in higher education is transforming how students engage with undergraduate mathematics, raising concerns about learning and assessment validity. This study examines the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-12-25 Siyuan Wang , Qing Xia , Qiong Ye

Providing timely and individualised feedback on handwritten student work is highly beneficial for learning but difficult to achieve at scale. This challenge has become more pressing as generative AI undermines the reliability of take-home…

The manual assessment and grading of student writing is a time-consuming yet critical task for teachers. Recent developments in generative AI, such as large language models, offer potential solutions to facilitate essay-scoring tasks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Kathrin Seßler , Maurice Fürstenberg , Babette Bühler , Enkelejda Kasneci

Students in introductory physics courses often rely on ineffective strategies, focusing on final answers rather than understanding underlying principles. Integrating scientific argumentation into problem-solving fosters critical thinking…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-21 Winter Allen , Anand Shanker , N. Sanjay Rebello

Text-based open-ended questions in academic formative and summative assessments help students become deep learners and prepare them to understand concepts for a subsequent conceptual assessment. However, grading text-based questions,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Rujun Gao , Hillary E. Merzdorf , Saira Anwar , M. Cynthia Hipwell , Arun Srinivasa

This paper introduces TrueGradeAI, an AI-driven digital examination framework designed to overcome the shortcomings of traditional paper-based assessments, including excessive paper usage, logistical complexity, grading delays, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Rakesh Thakur , Shivaansh Kaushik , Gauri Chopra , Harsh Rohilla

Automated Text Scoring (ATS) provides a cost-effective and consistent alternative to human marking. However, in order to achieve good performance, the predictive features of the system need to be manually engineered by human experts. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Dimitrios Alikaniotis , Helen Yannakoudakis , Marek Rei

Automatic grading of subjective questions remains a significant challenge in examination assessment due to the diversity in question formats and the open-ended nature of student responses. Existing works primarily focus on a specific type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fanwei Zhua , Jiaxuan He , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zulong Chen , Quan Lu , Chenrui Mei

Research on how the popularization of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools impacts learning environments has led to hesitancy among educators to teach these tools in classrooms, creating two observed disconnects. Generative AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Anya Bardach , Hamilton Murrah

This research aims to take advantage of artificial intelligence techniques in producing students assessment that is compatible with the different academic accreditations of the same program. The possibility of using generative artificial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Rania Anwar Aboalela

As generative AI becomes embedded in higher education, it increasingly shapes how students complete academic tasks. While these systems offer efficiency and support, concerns persist regarding over-automation, diminished student agency, and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Nifu Dan

In the contemporary landscape of computing education, the ubiquity of Generative Artificial Intelligence has significantly disrupted traditional assessment methods, rendering them obsolete and prompting educators to seek innovative…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Stephen MacNeil , Scott Spurlock , Ian Applebaum

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong potential in performing automatic scoring for constructed response assessments. While constructed responses graded by humans are usually based on given grading rubrics, the methods by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Xuansheng Wu , Padmaja Pravin Saraf , Gyeonggeon Lee , Ehsan Latif , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

The rapid adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in educational assessment has created new opportunities for scalable item creation, personalized feedback, and efficient formative evaluation. However, despite advances in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Antoun Yaacoub , Zainab Assaghir , Anuradha Kar