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Split Learning (SL) is a new collaborative learning technique that allows participants, e.g. a client and a server, to train machine learning models without the client sharing raw data. In this setting, the client initially applies its part…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Tanveer Khan , Khoa Nguyen , Antonis Michalas

Federated learning (FL) remains highly vulnerable to adaptive backdoor attacks that preserve stealth by closely imitating benign update statistics. Existing defenses predominantly rely on anomaly detection in parameter or gradient space,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Chibueze Peace Obioma , Youcheng Sun , Mustafa A. Mustafa

We introduce Split Unlearning, a novel machine unlearning technology designed for Split Learning (SL), enabling the first-ever implementation of Sharded, Isolated, Sliced, and Aggregated (SISA) unlearning in SL frameworks. Particularly, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guangsheng Yu , Yanna Jiang , Qin Wang , Xu Wang , Baihe Ma , Caijun Sun , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging collaborative learning paradigm that aims to protect data privacy. Unfortunately, recent works show FL algorithms are vulnerable to the serious data reconstruction attacks. However, existing works lack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zifan Wang , Binghui Zhang , Meng Pang , Yuan Hong , Binghui Wang

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional Federated Learning (FL) by reducing client-side computation through model partitioning. However, exchanging of intermediate activations and model updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xingchen Wang , Feijie Wu , Chenglin Miao , Tianchun Li , Haoyu Hu , Qiming Cao , Jing Gao , Lu Su

In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Yao Chen , Yijie Gui , Hong Lin , Wensheng Gan , Yongdong Wu

Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are privacy-preserving Machine-Learning (ML) techniques that enable training ML models over data distributed among clients without requiring direct access to their raw data. Existing FL and SL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ali Abedi , Shehroz S. Khan

Vertical federated learning (VFL) is attracting much attention because it enables cross-silo data cooperation in a privacy-preserving manner. While most research works in VFL focus on linear and tree models, deep models (e.g., neural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Shuowei Cai , Di Chai , Liu Yang , Junxue Zhang , Yilun Jin , Leye Wang , Kun Guo , Kai Chen

Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed learning framework that can reduce privacy risks by not explicitly sharing private data. However, recent works demonstrated that sharing model updates makes FL vulnerable to inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Jingwei Sun , Ang Li , Binghui Wang , Huanrui Yang , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising approach for multiparty collaboration as a privacy-preserving technique in hardware assurance, but its security against adversaries with domain-specific knowledge is underexplored. This paper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gijung Lee , Wavid Bowman , Olivia P. Dizon-Paradis , Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis , Ronald Wilson , Damon L. Woodard , Domenic Forte

Federated learning has been proposed as a privacy-preserving machine learning framework that enables multiple clients to collaborate without sharing raw data. However, client privacy protection is not guaranteed by design in this framework.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Kai Yue , Richeng Jin , Chau-Wai Wong , Dror Baron , Huaiyu Dai

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning (ML) approach that allows the use of distributed data without compromising personal privacy. However, the heterogeneous distribution of data among clients in FL can make it difficult for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Thuy Dung Nguyen , Tuan Nguyen , Phi Le Nguyen , Hieu H. Pham , Khoa Doan , Kok-Seng Wong

Federated reinforcement learning (FRL) enables distributed learning of optimal policies while preserving local data privacy through gradient sharing.However, FRL faces the risk of data privacy leaks, where attackers exploit shared gradients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Shenghong He

We consider a cross-silo federated learning (FL) setting where a machine learning model with a fully connected first layer is trained between different clients and a central server using FedAvg, and where the aggregation step can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Tanguy Marchand , Régis Loeb , Ulysse Marteau-Ferey , Jean Ogier du Terrail , Arthur Pignet

In federated learning (FL), data does not leave personal devices when they are jointly training a machine learning model. Instead, these devices share gradients, parameters, or other model updates, with a central party (e.g., a company)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Franziska Boenisch , Adam Dziedzic , Roei Schuster , Ali Shahin Shamsabadi , Ilia Shumailov , Nicolas Papernot

Distributed deep learning frameworks such as split learning provide great benefits with regards to the computational cost of training deep neural networks and the privacy-aware utilization of the collective data of a group of data-holders.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Ege Erdogan , Alptekin Kupcu , A. Ercument Cicek

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training by sharing model updates instead of raw data, aiming to protect user privacy. However, recent studies reveal that these shared updates can inadvertently leak sensitive training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zirui Gong , Leo Yu Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Viet Vo , Tianqing Zhu , Shirui Pan , Cong Wang

Federated Learning (FL) was initially proposed as a privacy-preserving machine learning paradigm. However, FL has been shown to be susceptible to a series of privacy attacks. Recently, there has been concern about the Source Inference…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Andreas Athanasiou , Kangsoo Jung , Catuscia Palamidessi

This work aims to provide both privacy and utility within a split learning framework while considering both forward attribute inference and backward reconstruction attacks. To address this, a novel approach has been proposed, which makes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Griffin Higgins , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Xichen Zhang , Amir David , Ali Ghorbani , Tongyu Ge

Federated Unlearning (FU) enables clients to remove the influence of specific data from a collaboratively trained shared global model, addressing regulatory requirements such as GDPR and CCPA. However, this unlearning process introduces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hithem Lamri , Manaar Alam , Haiyan Jiang , Michail Maniatakos