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Deploying robust machine learning models has to account for concept drifts arising due to the dynamically changing and non-stationary nature of data. Addressing drifts is particularly imperative in the security domain due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Aditya Kuppa , Nhien-An Le-Khac

Despite the promising results of machine learning models in malicious files detection, they face the problem of concept drift due to their constant evolution. This leads to declining performance over time, as the data distribution of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-02 William Maillet , Benjamin Marais

Machine learning (ML)-based malware detectors degrade over time as concept drift introduces new and evolving families unseen during training. Retraining is limited by the cost and time of manual labeling or sandbox analysis. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Adrian Shuai Li , Elisa Bertino

Android malware detection systems suffer severe performance degradation over time due to concept drift caused by evolving malicious and benign app behaviors. Although recent methods leverage active learning and hierarchical contrastive loss…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Md Ahsanul Haque , Md Mahmuduzzaman Kamol , Suresh Kumar Amalapuram , Vladik Kreinovich , Mohammad Saidur Rahman

Malware classification models often suffer performance degradation under concept drift due to evolving threat landscapes and the emergence of novel malware families. This paper presents FARM (Few-shot Adaptive Recognition of Malware), a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Numan Halit Guldemir , Oluwafemi Olukoya , Jesús Martínez-del-Rincón

Machine Learning (ML)-based detectors are becoming essential to counter the proliferation of malware. However, common ML algorithms are not designed to cope with the dynamic nature of real-world settings, where both legitimate and malicious…

Many methods have been proposed to detect concept drift, i.e., the change in the distribution of streaming data, due to concept drift causes a decrease in the prediction accuracy of algorithms. However, the most of current detection methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Hang Yu , Tianyu Liu , Jie Lu , Guangquan Zhang

Operational networks commonly rely on machine learning models for many tasks, including detecting anomalies, inferring application performance, and forecasting demand. Yet, model accuracy can degrade due to concept drift, whereby the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Shinan Liu , Francesco Bronzino , Paul Schmitt , Arjun Nitin Bhagoji , Nick Feamster , Hector Garcia Crespo , Timothy Coyle , Brian Ward

Classifiers deployed in the real world operate in a dynamic environment, where the data distribution can change over time. These changes, referred to as concept drift, can cause the predictive performance of the classifier to drop over…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-04-04 Tegjyot Singh Sethi , Mehmed Kantardzic

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful approach for malware detection, demonstrating impressive accuracy across various data representations. However, these models face critical limitations in real-world, non-stationary environments where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Pawan Acharya , Lan Zhang

In the classic machine learning framework, models are trained on historical data and used to predict future values. It is assumed that the data distribution does not change over time (stationarity). However, in real-world scenarios, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-13 Mansour Zoubeirou A Mayaki , Michel Riveill

Concept drift refers to a change in the data distribution affecting the data stream of future samples. Consequently, learning models operating on the data stream might become obsolete, and need costly and difficult adjustments such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-20 André Artelt , Kleanthis Malialis , Christos Panayiotou , Marios Polycarpou , Barbara Hammer

Uncertain changes in data streams present challenges for machine learning models to dynamically adapt and uphold performance in real-time. Particularly, classification boundary change, also known as real concept drift, is the major cause of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Feng Gu , Jie Lu , Zhen Fang , Kun Wang , Guangquan Zhang

Learning-based Android malware detectors degrade over time due to natural distribution drift caused by malware variants and new families. This paper systematically investigates the challenges classifiers trained with empirical risk…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Xinran Zheng , Shuo Yang , Edith C. H. Ngai , Suman Jana , Lorenzo Cavallaro

Classifiers operating in a dynamic, real world environment, are vulnerable to adversarial activity, which causes the data distribution to change over time. These changes are traditionally referred to as concept drift, and several approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Tegjyot Singh Sethi , Mehmed Kantardzic

The popularity of Android OS has made it an appealing target to malware developers. To evade detection, including by ML-based techniques, attackers invest in creating malware that closely resemble legitimate apps. In this paper, we propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Nadia Daoudi , Kevin Allix , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Jacques Klein

Machine learning (ML) in real-world systems must contend with concept drift, adversarial actors, and a spectrum of potential features with varying costs and benefits. Malware naturally exhibits all of these complexities, but for the same…

We introduce Class Distribution Monitoring (CDM), an effective concept-drift detection scheme that monitors the class-conditional distributions of a datastream. In particular, our solution leverages multiple instances of an online and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Diego Stucchi , Luca Frittoli , Giacomo Boracchi

A machine learning method needs to adapt to over time changes in the environment. Such changes are known as concept drift. In this paper, we propose concept drift tackling method as an enhancement of Online Sequential Extreme Learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-10 Arif Budiman , Mohamad Ivan Fanany , Chan Basaruddin

Concept drift in learning and classification occurs when the statistical properties of either the data features or target change over time; evidence of drift has appeared in search data, medical research, malware, web data, and video. Drift…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Abhijit Suprem