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Susceptibility governs the dynamics of contagion. The classical SIR model is one of the simplest compartmental models of contagion spread, assuming a single shared susceptibility level. However, variation in susceptibility over a population…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-22 Christopher Rose , Andrew J. Medford , C. Franklin Goldsmith , Tejs Vegge , Joshua Weitz , Andrew A. Peterson

In the recent COVID-19 pandemic we assisted at a sequence of epidemic waves intertwined by anomalous fade-outs with periods of low but persistent epidemic prevalence. These long-living epidemic states complicate epidemic control and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-27 Javier Aguilar , Beatriz Arregui García , Raúl Toral , Sandro Meloni , Jose J. Ramasco

In this research, we develop a framework to analyze the interaction between the economy and the Covid-19 pandemic using an extension of SIR epidemic model. At the outset, we assume there are two health related investments including general…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-14 Zachariah Sinkala , Vajira Manathunga , Bichaka Fayissa

We use a simple SIR-like epidemic model which integrates known age-contact patterns for the United States to model the effect of age-targeted mitigation strategies for a COVID-19-like epidemic. We find that, among strategies which end with…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-09 Maria Chikina , Wesley Pegden

We study the interaction between epidemic spreading and a vaccination process. We assume that, similar to the disease spreading, also the vaccination process occurs through direct contact, i.e., it follows the standard…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-06-22 Mozhgan Khanjanianpak , Nahid Azimi-Tafreshi , Claudio Castellano

Consider the causal effect that one individual's treatment may have on another individual's outcome when the outcome is contagious, with specific application to the effect of vaccination on an infectious disease outcome. The effect of one…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-03-06 Elizabeth L. Ogburn , Tyler J. VanderWeele

The effectiveness of the first and second dose vaccinations are different for COVID-19; therefore, a susceptible-infected-recovered-vaccination1-vaccination2-death (SIRVVD) model that can represent the states of the first and second…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-02 Yuto Omae , Makoto Sasaki , Jun Toyotani , Kazuyuki Hara , Hirotaka Takahashi

In this study, we explore the dynamic interplay between the timing of vaccination campaigns and the trajectory of disease spread in a population. Through comprehensive data analysis and modeling, we have uncovered a counter-intuitive…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-12-06 Piergiorgio Castioni , Sergio Gòmez , Clara Granell , Alex Arenas

We study the influence of the rate of the attainment of herd immunity (HI), in the absence of an approved vaccine, on the vulnerable population. We essentially ask the question: how hard the evolution towards the desired herd immunity could…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-06-01 Sayantan Mondal , Saumyak Mukherjee , Biman Bagchi

Population-wide vaccination is critical for containing the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic when combined with restrictive and prevention measures. In this study, we introduce SAIVR, a mathematical model able to forecast the Covid-19 epidemic…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-19 Mattia Angeli , Georgios Neofotistos , Marios Mattheakis , Efthimios Kaxiras

Effective strategies of vaccine prioritization are essential to mitigate the impacts of severe infectious diseases. We investigate the role of infection fatality ratio (IFR) and social contact matrices on vaccination prioritization using a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-04 Arthur Schulenburg , Wesley Cota , Guilherme S. Costa , Silvio C. Ferreira

There are often multiple diseases with cross immunity competing for vaccination resources. Here we investigate the optimal vaccination program in a two-layer Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model, where two diseases with cross immunity…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-05-26 Yang Ye , Qingpeng Zhang , Zhidong Cao , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Two factors that are often ignored but could play a crucial role in the progression of an infectious disease are the distributions of inherent susceptibility ($\sigma_{inh}$) and external infectivity ($\iota_{ext}$), in a given population.…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-01 Saumyak Mukherjee , Sayantan Mondal , Biman Bagchi

Since the end of 2019, COVID-19 has significantly affected the lives of people around the world. Towards the end of 2020, several COVID-19 vaccine candidates with relatively high efficacy have been reported in the final phase of clinical…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-01-20 W. K. Wong , Filbert H. Juwono , Tock H. Chua

The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic saw more severe outcomes for racial minority groups and economically-deprived communities. Such disparities can be explained by several factors, including unequal access to healthcare, as well as the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Nicola Neophytou , Afaf Taïk , Golnoosh Farnadi

A novel coronavirus disease has emerged (later named COVID-19) and caused the world to enter a new reality, with many direct and indirect factors influencing it. Some are human-controllable (e.g. interventional policies, mobility and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Haonan Wu , Rajarshi Banerjee , Indhumathi Venkatachalam , Daniel Percy-Hughes , Praveen Chougale

Incorporating vaccination into mathematical models appears deceptively simple: models integrate vaccine-derived protections, such as reduced susceptibility to infection, using parameters informed by empirical estimates of vaccine efficacy…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-19 Casey E. Middleton , Oliver Eales , James M. McCaw , Freya M. Shearer

In diseases with long-term immunity, vaccination is known to increase the average age at infection as a result of the decrease in the pathogen circulation. This implies that a vaccination campaign can have negative effects when a disease is…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-04 Fabio A. C. C. Chalub , Paulo Doutor , Paula Patrício , Maria do Céu Soares

COVID-19 will be a continuous threat to human population despite having a few vaccines at hand until we reach the endemic state through natural herd immunity and total immunization through universal vaccination. However, the vaccine acts as…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-08-26 V. R. Saiprasad , R. Gopal , V. K. Chandrasekar , M. Lakshmanan

Successful predictive modeling of epidemics requires an understanding of the implicit feedback control strategies which are implemented by populations to modulate the spread of contagion. While this task of capturing endogenous behavior can…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-31 Ali Jadbabaie , Arnab Sarker , Devavrat Shah