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Support for arithmetic in multiple precisions and number formats is becoming increasingly common in emerging high-performance architectures. From a computational scientist's perspective, our goal is to determine how and where we can safely…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-05 Erin Claire Carson

Recent work has shown that 8-bit floating point (FP8) can be used for efficiently training neural networks with reduced computational cost compared to training in FP32/FP16. In this work, we investigate the use of FP8 training in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Bokun Wang , Axel Berg , Durmus Alp Emre Acar , Chuteng Zhou

As nowadays Machine Learning (ML) techniques are generating huge data collections, the problem of how to efficiently engineer their storage and operations is becoming of paramount importance. In this article we propose a new lossless…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Paolo Ferragina , Travis Gagie , Dominik Köppl , Giovanni Manzini , Gonzalo Navarro , Manuel Striani , Francesco Tosoni

Deep learning as a means to inferencing has proliferated thanks to its versatility and ability to approach or exceed human-level accuracy. These computational models have seemingly insatiable appetites for computational resources not only…

We propose SLoPe, a Double-Pruned Sparse Plus Lazy Low-rank Adapter Pretraining method for LLMs that improves the accuracy of sparse LLMs while accelerating their pretraining and inference and reducing their memory footprint. Sparse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Mohammad Mozaffari , Amir Yazdanbakhsh , Zhao Zhang , Maryam Mehri Dehnavi

Lately, post-training quantization methods have gained considerable attention, as they are simple to use, and require only a small unlabeled calibration set. This small dataset cannot be used to fine-tune the model without significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Itay Hubara , Yury Nahshan , Yair Hanani , Ron Banner , Daniel Soudry

The rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) has made low-precision training essential for reducing memory, improving efficiency, and enabling larger models and datasets. Existing convergence theories for adaptive optimizers, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xuan Tang , Jichu Li , Difan Zou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically trained in two phases: pre-training on large internet-scale datasets, and fine-tuning for downstream tasks. Given the higher computational demand of pre-training, it's intuitive to assume that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 James Liu , Guangxuan Xiao , Kai Li , Jason D. Lee , Song Han , Tri Dao , Tianle Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) promise impressive capabilities, yet their multi-billion-parameter scale makes on-device or low-resource deployment prohibitive. Mixed-precision quantization offers a compelling solution, but existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Junchen Zhao , Ali Derakhshan , Jayden Kana Hyman , Junhao Dong , Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi , Ian Harris

Large language models (LLMs) show great performance in various tasks, but face deployment challenges from limited memory capacity and bandwidth. Low-bit weight quantization can save memory and accelerate inference. Although floating-point…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Yijia Zhang , Sicheng Zhang , Shijie Cao , Dayou Du , Jianyu Wei , Ting Cao , Ningyi Xu

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is an effective technique for compressing large language models (LLMs). However, while uniform-precision quantization is computationally efficient, it often compromises model performance. To address this, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Wei Huang , Haotong Qin , Yangdong Liu , Yawei Li , Qinshuo Liu , Xianglong Liu , Luca Benini , Michele Magno , Shiming Zhang , Xiaojuan Qi

Quantization is an effective approach to reduce the memory footprint and inference cost of large language models (LLMs), yet maintaining performance in the ultra-low-bit regime remains challenging. Existing post-training methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Phong Nam Huu Nguyen , Khoi M. Le , Cong-Duy T Nguyen , Anh Tuan Luu , Thong Thanh Nguyen , Tho Quan

Model quantization represents both parameters (weights) and intermediate values (activations) in a more compact format, thereby directly reducing both computational and memory cost in hardware. The quantization of recent large language…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Jianyi Cheng , Cheng Zhang , Zhewen Yu , Christos-Savvas Bouganis , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

This paper presents the analysis of the impact of a floating-point number precision reduction on the quality of text classification. The precision reduction of the vectors representing the data (e.g. TF-IDF representation in our case)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-21 Krzysztof Wróbel , Maciej Wielgosz , Marcin Pietroń , Michał Karwatowski , Aleksander Smywiński-Pohl

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown strong performance in multi-image cross-modal retrieval, yet suffer from severe position bias, where predictions are dominated by input order rather than semantic relevance. Through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Mingtao Xian , Yifeng Yang , Qinying Gu , Xinbing Wang , Nanyang Ye

Current methods for compressing neural network weights, such as decomposition, pruning, quantization, and channel simulation, often overlook the inherent symmetries within these networks and thus waste bits on encoding redundant…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Jiajun He , Gergely Flamich , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

We reduce the memory footprint of popular large-scale online learning methods by projecting our weight vector onto a coarse discrete set using randomized rounding. Compared to standard 32-bit float encodings, this reduces RAM usage by more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-03-20 Daniel Golovin , D. Sculley , H. Brendan McMahan , Michael Young

Continual learning (CL) has traditionally focused on minimizing exemplar memory, a constraint often misaligned with modern systems where GPU time, not storage, is the primary bottleneck. This paper challenges this paradigm by investigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Dongkyu Cho , Taesup Moon , Rumi Chunara , Kyunghyun Cho , Sungmin Cha

Large Language and Vision Models using a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture pose significant challenges for deployment due to their computational and memory demands. Mixed Precision Quantization assigns different precisions to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Jie Ye , Murali Emani

With the rapid expansion of large language models (LLMs), the demand for memory and computational resources has grown significantly. Recent advances in LLM pruning aim to reduce the size and computational cost of these models. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zhendong Mi , Zhenglun Kong , Geng Yuan , Shaoyi Huang