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How can we design proteins with desired functions? We are motivated by a chemical intuition that both geometric structure and biochemical properties are critical to a protein's function. In this paper, we propose SurfPro, a new method to…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-19 Zhenqiao Song , Tinglin Huang , Lei Li , Wengong Jin

Protein folding, which dictates the protein structure from its amino acid sequence, is half a century old problem of biology. The function of the protein correlates with its structure, emphasizing the need of understanding protein folding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Jaya Vasavi P , Soham Bopardikar , Avinash D , Ashwini K , Kalyan Dasgupta , Sanjib Senapati

AlphaFold3 introduces a diffusion-based architecture that elevates protein structure prediction to all-atom resolution with improved accuracy. This state-of-the-art performance has established AlphaFold3 as a foundation model for diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhe Zhang , Yuanning Feng , Yuxuan Song , Keyue Qiu , Hao Zhou , Wei-Ying Ma

AlphaFold2 (AF2) has emerged in recent years as a groundbreaking innovation that has revolutionized several scientific fields, in particular structural biology, drug design and the elucidation of disease mechanisms. Many scientists now use…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-23 Ragousandirane Radjasandirane , Alexandre G. de Brevern

Recent advancements in biology and chemistry have leveraged multi-modal learning, integrating molecules and their natural language descriptions to enhance drug discovery. However, current pre-training frameworks are limited to two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Teng Xiao , Chao Cui , Huaisheng Zhu , Vasant G. Honavar

The prediction of protein 3D structure from amino acid sequence is a computational grand challenge in biophysics, and plays a key role in robust protein structure prediction algorithms, from drug discovery to genome interpretation. The…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-03 Hyun Park , Parth Patel , Roland Haas , E. A. Huerta

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that can identify and neutralise a wide variety of antigens with high specificity and affinity, and constitute the most successful class of biotherapeutics. With the advent of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-27 Henry Kenlay , Frédéric A. Dreyer , Aleksandr Kovaltsuk , Dom Miketa , Douglas Pires , Charlotte M. Deane

Recent advancements in machine learning (ML) are transforming the field of structural biology. For example, AlphaFold, a groundbreaking neural network for protein structure prediction, has been widely adopted by researchers. The…

The specific region of an antibody responsible for binding to an antigen, known as the paratope, is essential for immune recognition. Accurate identification of this small yet critical region can accelerate the development of therapeutic…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-08 Gabriel Athènes , Adam Woolfe , Thierry Mora , Aleksandra M. Walczak

Antibodies are vital proteins offering robust protection for the human body from pathogens. The development of general protein and antibody-specific pre-trained language models both facilitate antibody prediction tasks. However, there have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Danqing Wang , Fei Ye , Hao Zhou

Computational protein design is experiencing a transformation driven by AI/ML. However, the range of potential protein sequences and structures is astronomically vast, even for moderately sized proteins. Hence, achieving convergence between…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Aymen Alsaadi , Jonathan Ash , Mikhail Titov , Matteo Turilli , Andre Merzky , Shantenu Jha , Sagar Khare

Protein structure prediction helps to understand gene translation and protein function, which is of growing interest and importance in structural biology. The AlphaFold model, which used transformer architecture to achieve atomic-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Shenggan Cheng , Xuanlei Zhao , Guangyang Lu , Jiarui Fang , Zhongming Yu , Tian Zheng , Ruidong Wu , Xiwen Zhang , Jian Peng , Yang You

Repeat proteins are made with tandem copies of similar amino acid stretches that fold into elongated architectures. Due to their symmetry, these proteins constitute excellent model systems to investigate how evolution relates to structure,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-10-12 Ezequiel A. Galpern , Jacopo Marchi , Thierry Mora , Aleksandra M. Walczak , Diego U. Ferreiro

Affinity maturation produces antibodies that bind antigens with high specificity by accumulating mutations in the antibody sequence. Mapping out the antibody-antigen affinity landscape can give us insight into the accessible paths during…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-05-14 Rhys M. Adams , Justin B. Kinney , Aleksandra M. Walczak , Thierry Mora

The ability to computationally generate novel yet physically foldable protein structures could lead to new biological discoveries and new treatments targeting yet incurable diseases. Despite recent advances in protein structure prediction,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-28 Kevin E. Wu , Kevin K. Yang , Rianne van den Berg , James Y. Zou , Alex X. Lu , Ava P. Amini

Protein structure prediction often hinges on multiple sequence alignments (MSAs), which underperform on low-homology and orphan proteins. We introduce PLAME, a lightweight MSA design framework that leverages evolutionary embeddings from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Hanqun Cao , Xinyi Zhou , Zijun Gao , Chenyu Wang , Xin Gao , Zhi Zhang , Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez , Chunbin Gu , Ge Liu , Pheng-Ann Heng

Structure-based and ligand-based computational drug design have traditionally relied on disjoint data sources and modeling assumptions, limiting their joint use at scale. In this work, we introduce Contrastive Geometric Learning for Unified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Lisa Schneckenreiter , Sohvi Luukkonen , Lukas Friedrich , Daniel Kuhn , Günter Klambauer

Protein folding is the intricate process by which a linear sequence of amino acids self-assembles into a unique three-dimensional structure. Protein folding kinetics is the study of pathways and time-dependent mechanisms a protein undergoes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Vijay Arvind. R , Haribharathi Sivakumar , Brindha. R

A plethora of protein language models have been released in recent years. Yet comparatively little work has addressed how to best sample from them to optimize desired biological properties. We fill this gap by proposing a flexible,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Calvin McCarter , Nick Bhattacharya , Sebastian W. Ober , Hunter Elliott

While all the information required for the folding of a protein is contained in its amino acid sequence, one has not yet learned how to extract this information to predict the three--dimensional, biologically active, native conformation of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-10 R. A. Broglia , G. Tiana