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Pulsar timing arrays are sensitive to low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs), such as those produced by supermassive binary black holes at subparsec separations. The incoherent superposition of GWs emitted by a cosmological population of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-05 Shashwat C. Sardesai , Gabriel E. Freedman , Sarah J. Vigeland , Caitlin A. Witt

After large galaxies merge, their central supermassive black holes are expected to form binary systems whose orbital motion generates a gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies. Searches for this background utilize…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-12 M. Ajello , W. B. Atwood , L. Baldini , J. Ballet , G. Barbiellini , D. Bastieri , R. Bellazzini , A. Berretta , B. Bhattacharyya , E. Bissaldi , R. D. Blandford , E. Bloom , R. Bonino , P. Bruel , R. Buehler , E. Burns , S. Buson , R. A. Cameron , P. A. Caraveo , E. Cavazzuti , N. Cibrario , S. Ciprini , C. J. Clark , I. Cognard , J. Coronado-Blázquez , M. Crnogorcevic , H. Cromartie , K. Crowter , S. Cutini , F. D'Ammando , S. D. Gaetano , F. d. Palma , S. W. Digel , N. D. Lalla , F. Fan. Dirirsa , L. D. Venere , A. Domínguez , E. C. Ferrara , A. Fiori , A. Franckowiak , Y. Fukazawa , S. Funk , P. Fusco , V. Gammaldi , F. Gargano , D. Gasparrini , N. Giglietto , F. Giordano , M. Giroletti , D. Green , I. A. Grenier , L. Guillemot , S. Guiriec , M. Gustafsson , A. K. Harding , E. Hays , J. W. Hewitt , D. Horan , X. Hou , G. Jóhannesson , M. J. Keith , M. Kerr , M. Kramer , M. Kuss , S. Larsson , L. Latronico , J. Li , F. Longo , F. Loparco , M. N. Lovellette , P. Lubrano , S. Maldera , A. Manfreda , G. Martí-Devesa , M. N. Mazziotta , I. Mereu , P. F. Michelson , N. Mirabal , W. Mitthumsiri , T. Mizuno , M. E. Monzani , A. Morselli , M. Negro , L. Nieder , R. Ojha , N. Omodei , M. Orienti , E. Orlando , J. F. Ormes , D. Paneque , A. Parthasarathy , Z. Pei , M. Persic , M. Pesce-Rollins , R. Pillera , H. Poon , T. A. Porter , G. Principe , J. L. Racusin , S. Rainò , R. Rando , B. Rani , S. M. Ransom , P. S. Ray , M. Razzano , S. Razzaque , A. Reimer , O. Reimer , J. Roy , M. Sánchez-Conde , P. M. Sa. Parkinson , J. Scargle , L. Scotton , D. Serini , C. Sgrò , E. J. Siskind , D. A. Smith , G. Spandre , R. Spiewak , P. Spinelli , I. Stairs , D. J. Suson , S. J. Swihart , S. Tabassum , J. B. Thayer , G. Theureau , D. F. Torres , E. Troja , J. Valverde , Z. Wadiasingh , K. Wood , G. Zaharijas

We search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the $12.5$-year pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves. Our analysis finds strong evidence of a…

In this paper we attempt to investigate the nature of the first gravitational wave (GW) signal to be detected by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs): will it be an individual, resolved supermassive black hole binary (SBHB), or a stochastic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-23 Pablo A. Rosado , Alberto Sesana , Jonathan Gair

Pulsar timing arrays recently found evidence for a gravitational wave background (GWB), likely the stochastic overlap of GWs from many supermassive black hole binaries. Anticipating a continuous gravitational wave (CW) detection from a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-08 Emiko C. Gardiner , Bence Bécsy , Luke Zoltan Kelley , Neil J. Cornish

Strong evidence of the existence of the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background (SGWB) has been reported by the NANOGrav, PPTA, EPTA and CPTA collaborations. The Bayesian posteriors of the Gravitational-Wave Background (GWB) amplitude and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-04 Chao Zhang , Ning Dai , Qing Gao , Yungui Gong , Tong Jiang , Xuchen Lu

Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) are binary systems formed by black holes with mass exceeding millions of solar masses, expected to form and evolve in the nuclei of galaxies. The extreme compact nature of such objects determines a loud…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-06-26 Matteo Bonetti , Alessia Franchini , Bruno Giovanni Galuzzi , Alberto Sesana

The recent announcement of evidence for a stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB) in pulsar timing array (PTA) data has piqued interest across the scientific community. A combined analysis of all currently available data holds…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-01 Serena Valtolina , Rutger van Haasteren

Using public pulse time-of-arrival data from five pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), we search for a stationary, isotropic, and unpolarized nHz stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). This analysis is more sensitive than previous…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-29 Wang-Wei Yu , Bruce Allen

We use the Horizon-AGN cosmological simulation to study the properties of supermassive black hole binaries (MBHBs) contributing most to the gravitational wave background (GWB) signal expected in the pulsar timing array (PTA) band. We…

The Australian, Chinese, European, Indian, and North American pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations recently reported, at varying levels, evidence for the presence of a nanohertz gravitational wave background (GWB). Given that each PTA…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-09-06 The International Pulsar Timing Array Collaboration , G. Agazie , J. Antoniadis , A. Anumarlapudi , A. M. Archibald , P. Arumugam , S. Arumugam , Z. Arzoumanian , J. Askew , S. Babak , M. Bagchi , M. Bailes , A. -S. Bak Nielsen , P. T. Baker , C. G. Bassa , A. Bathula , B. Bécsy , A. Berthereau , N. D. R. Bhat , L. Blecha , M. Bonetti , E. Bortolas , A. Brazier , P. R. Brook , M. Burgay , S. Burke-Spolaor , R. Burnette , R. N. Caballero , A. Cameron , R. Case , A. Chalumeau , D. J. Champion , S. Chanlaridis , M. Charisi , S. Chatterjee , K. Chatziioannou , B. D. Cheeseboro , S. Chen , Z. -C. Chen , I. Cognard , T. Cohen , W. A. Coles , J. M. Cordes , N. J. Cornish , F. Crawford , H. T. Cromartie , K. Crowter , M. Curyło , C. J. Cutler , S. Dai , S. Dandapat , D. Deb , M. E. DeCesar , D. DeGan , P. B. Demorest , H. Deng , S. Desai , G. Desvignes , L. Dey , N. Dhanda-Batra , V. Di Marco , T. Dolch , B. Drachler , C. Dwivedi , J. A. Ellis , M. Falxa , Y. Feng , R. D. Ferdman , E. C. Ferrara , W. Fiore , E. Fonseca , A. Franchini , G. E. Freedman , J. R. Gair , N. Garver-Daniels , P. A. Gentile , K. A. Gersbach , J. Glaser , D. C. Good , B. Goncharov , A. Gopakumar , E. Graikou , J. -M. Grießmeier , L. Guillemot , K. Gültekin , Y. J. Guo , Y. Gupta , K. Grunthal , J. S. Hazboun , S. Hisano , G. B. Hobbs , S. Hourihane , H. Hu , F. Iraci , K. Islo , D. Izquierdo-Villalba , J. Jang , J. Jawor , G. H. Janssen , R. J. Jennings , A. Jessner , A. D. Johnson , M. L. Jones , B. C. Joshi , A. R. Kaiser , D. L. Kaplan , A. Kapur , F. Kareem , R. Karuppusamy , E. F. Keane , M. J. Keith , L. Z. Kelley , M. Kerr , J. S. Key , D. Kharbanda , T. Kikunaga , T. C. Klein , N. Kolhe , M. Kramer , M. A. Krishnakumar , A. Kulkarni , N. Laal , K. Lackeos , M. T. Lam , W. G. Lamb , B. B. Larsen , T. J. W. Lazio , K. J. Lee , Y. Levin , N. Lewandowska , T. B. Littenberg , K. Liu , T. Liu , Y. Liu , A. Lommen , D. R. Lorimer , M. E. Lower , J. Luo , R. Luo , R. S. Lynch , A. G. Lyne , C. -P. Ma , Y. Maan , D. R. Madison , R. A. Main , R. N. Manchester , R. Mandow , M. A. Mattson , A. McEwen , J. W. McKee , M. A. McLaughlin , N. McMann , B. W. Meyers , P. M. Meyers , M. B. Mickaliger , M. Miles , C. M. F. Mingarelli , A. Mitridate , P. Natarajan , R. S. Nathan , C. Ng , D. J. Nice , I. C. Niţu , K. Nobleson , S. K. Ocker , K. D. Olum , S. Osłowski , A. K. Paladi , A. Parthasarathy , T. T. Pennucci , B. B. P. Perera , D. Perrodin , A. Petiteau , P. Petrov , N. S. Pol , N. K. Porayko , A. Possenti , T. Prabu , H. Quelquejay Leclere , H. A. Radovan , P. Rana , S. M. Ransom , P. S. Ray , D. J. Reardon , A. F. Rogers , J. D. Romano , C. J. Russell , A. Samajdar , S. A. Sanidas , S. C. Sardesai , A. Schmiedekamp , C. Schmiedekamp , K. Schmitz , L. Schult , A. Sesana , G. Shaifullah , R. M. Shannon , B. J. Shapiro-Albert , X. Siemens , J. Simon , J. Singha , M. S. Siwek , L. Speri , R. Spiewak , A. Srivastava , I. H. Stairs , B. W. Stappers , D. R. Stinebring , K. Stovall , J. P. Sun , M. Surnis , S. C. Susarla , A. Susobhanan , J. K. Swiggum , K. Takahashi , P. Tarafdar , J. Taylor , S. R. Taylor , G. Theureau , E. Thrane , N. Thyagarajan , C. Tiburzi , L. Toomey , J. E. Turner , C. Unal , M. Vallisneri , E. van der Wateren , R. van Haasteren , A. Vecchio , V. Venkatraman Krishnan , J. P. W. Verbiest , S. J. Vigeland , H. M. Wahl , S. Wang , Q. Wang , C. A. Witt , J. Wang , L. Wang , K. E. Wayt , Z. Wu , O. Young , L. Zhang , S. Zhang , X. -J. Zhu , A. Zic

Pulsar timing array (PTA) searches for a gravitational-wave background (GWB) typically include time-correlated "red" noise models intrinsic to each pulsar. Using a simple simulated PTA dataset with an injected GWB signal we show that the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-12-16 Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Joseph Simon , Xavier Siemens , Joseph D. Romano

The pattern of neutrino flavor oscillations could be altered by the influence of noisy perturbations such as those arising from a gravitational wave background (GWB). A stochastic process that is consistent with a GWB has been recently…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-01-17 Gaetano Lambiase , Leonardo Mastrototaro , Luca Visinelli

A new model independent method is presented for the analysis of pulsar timing data and the estimation of the spectral properties of an isotropic gravitational wave background (GWB). We show that by rephrasing the likelihood we are able to…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2013-06-26 Lindley Lentati , Paul Alexander , Michael P. Hobson , Stephen Taylor , Jonathon Gair , Sreekumar T. Balan , Rutger van Haasteren

A population of super-massive black hole binaries is expected to generate a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the pulsar timing array (PTA) frequency range of $10^{-9}$--$10^{-7}$ Hz. Detection of this signal is a current…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-02-23 Bailey Sykes , Hannah Middleton , Andrew Melatos , Tiziana Di Matteo , Colin DeGraf , Aklant Bhowmick

We present the results of the search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies using the second data release of the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) for 25 millisecond pulsars and a…

Recent pulsar timing array (PTA) observations have reported evidence of a gravitational wave background (GWB). If supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are indeed the primary source of this signal, future PTA observations, such as those from the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-01 Kazuya Furusawa , Sachiko Kuroyanagi , Kiyotomo Ichiki

The stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) recently detected by the PTA collaborations could be the gravitational waves (GWs) induced by curvature perturbations. However, primordial black holes (PBHs) might be overproduced if the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-02-13 Keisuke Inomata , Masahiro Kawasaki , Kyohei Mukaida , Tsutomu T. Yanagida

Langevin stochastic differential equations provide a dynamical description of pulsar timing noise and gravitational wave background (GWB) signals. They are also central to state space algorithms that have gained traction in pulsar timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-05 Reginald Christian Bernardo

Several pulsar timing array (PTA) groups have recently claimed the detection of nanohertz gravitational wave background (GWB), but the origin of this gravitational wave (GW) signal remains unclear. Nanohertz GWs generated by supermassive…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-04 Qing Yang , Xiao Guo , Zhoujian Cao , Xiaoyun Shao , Xi Yuan