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Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have become the leading hardware accelerator for deep learning applications and are used widely in training and inference of transformers; transformers have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Andy He , Darren Key , Mason Bulling , Andrew Chang , Skyler Shapiro , Everett Lee

Computation in a typical Transformer-based large language model (LLM) can be characterized by batch size, hidden dimension, number of layers, and sequence length. Until now, system works for accelerating LLM training have focused on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Sam Ade Jacobs , Masahiro Tanaka , Chengming Zhang , Minjia Zhang , Shuaiwen Leon Song , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He

Transformer achieves promising results on various tasks. However, self-attention suffers from quadratic memory requirements with respect to the sequence length. Existing work focuses on reducing time and space complexity from an algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Shenggui Li , Fuzhao Xue , Chaitanya Baranwal , Yongbin Li , Yang You

The Transformer is a highly successful deep learning model that has revolutionised the world of artificial neural networks, first in natural language processing and later in computer vision. This model is based on the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Ughi , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

Large Language Models (LLMs) employ auto-regressive decoding that requires sequential computation, with each step reliant on the previous one's output. This creates a bottleneck as each step necessitates moving the full model parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Tianle Cai , Yuhong Li , Zhengyang Geng , Hongwu Peng , Jason D. Lee , Deming Chen , Tri Dao

This paper introduces a novel approach to enhance the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in processing and understanding extensive text sequences, a critical aspect in applications requiring deep comprehension and synthesis of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Kaiqiang Song , Xiaoyang Wang , Sangwoo Cho , Xiaoman Pan , Dong Yu

Transformers suffer from a high computational cost that grows with sequence length for self-attention, making inference in long streams prohibited by memory consumption. Constant-memory alternatives such as RNNs and SSMs compress history…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhixin Zhang , Shabo Zhang , Chengcan Wu , Zeming Wei , Meng Sun

Standard inference and training with transformer based architectures scale quadratically with input sequence length. This is prohibitively large for a variety of applications especially in web-page translation, query-answering etc.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Lovish Madaan , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Himanshu Jain , Prateek Jain

Deep imitation learning is promising for solving dexterous manipulation tasks because it does not require an environment model and pre-programmed robot behavior. However, its application to dual-arm manipulation tasks remains challenging.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Heecheol Kim , Yoshiyuki Ohmura , Yasuo Kuniyoshi

We describe an efficient hierarchical method to compute attention in the Transformer architecture. The proposed attention mechanism exploits a matrix structure similar to the Hierarchical Matrix (H-Matrix) developed by the numerical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Zhenhai Zhu , Radu Soricut

Inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) across computer clusters has become a focal point of research in recent times, with many acceleration techniques taking inspiration from CPU speculative execution. These techniques reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Branden Butler , Sixing Yu , Arya Mazaheri , Ali Jannesari

Large Language Models (LLMs) have pushed the frontier of artificial intelligence but are comprised of hundreds of billions of parameters and operations. For faster inference latency, LLMs are deployed on multiple hardware accelerators…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jan Hansen-Palmus , Michael Truong Le , Oliver Hausdörfer , Alok Verma

In many real-world scenarios, data to train machine learning models becomes available over time. Unfortunately, these models struggle to continually learn new concepts without forgetting what has been learnt in the past. This phenomenon is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Beyza Ermis , Giovanni Zappella , Martin Wistuba , Aditya Rawal , Cedric Archambeau

The evolution of large language models (LLMs) towards applications with ultra-long contexts faces challenges posed by the high computational and memory costs of the Transformer architecture. While existing sparse and linear attention…

Transformer has become ubiquitous in the deep learning field. One of the key ingredients that destined its success is the self-attention mechanism, which allows fully-connected contextual encoding over input tokens. However, despite its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Shuohang Wang , Luowei Zhou , Zhe Gan , Yen-Chun Chen , Yuwei Fang , Siqi Sun , Yu Cheng , Jingjing Liu

Self-attention-based transformer models have achieved tremendous success in the domain of natural language processing. Despite their efficacy, accelerating the transformer is challenging due to its quadratic computational complexity and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Shikhar Tuli , Niraj K. Jha

Transformers have become central to natural language processing and large language models, but their deployment at scale faces three major challenges. First, the attention mechanism requires massive matrix multiplications and frequent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Xiaoxuan Yang , Peilin Chen , Tergel Molom-Ochir , Yiran Chen

The quadratic computational and memory complexities of the Transformer's attention mechanism have limited its scalability for modeling long sequences. In this paper, we propose Luna, a linear unified nested attention mechanism that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Xuezhe Ma , Xiang Kong , Sinong Wang , Chunting Zhou , Jonathan May , Hao Ma , Luke Zettlemoyer

A recent trend in LLMs is developing recurrent sub-quadratic models that improve long-context processing efficiency. We investigate leading large long-context models, focusing on how their fixed-size recurrent memory affects their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Assaf Ben-Kish , Itamar Zimerman , M. Jehanzeb Mirza , Lior Wolf , James Glass , Leonid Karlinsky , Raja Giryes

Efficient transformer variants with linear time complexity have been developed to mitigate the quadratic computational overhead of the vanilla transformer. Among them are low-rank projection methods such as Linformer and kernel-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yizhe Zhang , Deng Cai