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Personalized medicine remains a major challenge for scientists. The rapid growth of Machine learning and Deep learning has made them a feasible al- ternative for predicting the most appropriate therapy for individual patients. However, the…

Federated learning (FL) is increasingly being recognized as a key approach to overcoming the data silos that so frequently obstruct the training and deployment of machine-learning models in clinical settings. This work contributes to a…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as personalized assistants for users across a wide range of tasks -- from offering writing support to delivering tailored recommendations or consultations. Over time, the interaction history between…

In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of applying machine learning techniques for clinical prediction tasks. We begin with a quick introduction to the concepts of machine learning and outline some of the most common machine learning…

The emerging paradigm of Human-Machine Inference Networks (HuMaINs) combines complementary cognitive strengths of humans and machines in an intelligent manner to tackle various inference tasks and achieves higher performance than either…

Despite the explosion of interest in healthcare AI research, the reproducibility and benchmarking of those research works are often limited due to the lack of standard benchmark datasets and diverse evaluation metrics. To address this…

Clinical trials are conducted to test the effectiveness and safety of potential drugs in humans for regulatory approval. Machine learning (ML) has recently emerged as a new tool to assist in clinical trials. Despite this progress, there…

The recent success of machine learning methods applied to time series collected from Intensive Care Units (ICU) exposes the lack of standardized machine learning benchmarks for developing and comparing such methods. While raw datasets, such…

Human Sensing, a field that leverages technology to monitor human activities, psycho-physiological states, and interactions with the environment, enhances our understanding of human behavior and drives the development of advanced services…

The use of machine learning to guide clinical decision making has the potential to worsen existing health disparities. Several recent works frame the problem as that of algorithmic fairness, a framework that has attracted considerable…

Personal devices are omnipresent in our lives, seamlessly monitoring our activities, from smart rings tracking sleep patterns to smartwatches keeping an eye on missed heartbeats. The rich data streams from such devices fuel advanced…

Given the growing complexity of healthcare data over the last several years, using machine learning techniques like Deep Neural Network (DNN) models has gained increased appeal. In order to extract hidden patterns and other valuable…

Sociotechnical challenges of machine learning in healthcare and social welfare are mismatches between how a machine learning tool functions and the structure of care practices. While prior research has documented many such issues, existing…

Recent advances in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have enabled large language models (LLMs) to ground outputs in clinical evidence. However, connecting LLMs with external databases introduces the risk of contextual leakage: a subtle…

Background: Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) offer potential benefits in healthcare, particularly in processing extensive patient records. However, existing benchmarks do not fully assess LLMs' capability in handling…

Modern language models (LMs) pose a new challenge in capability assessment. Static benchmarks inevitably saturate without providing confidence in the deployment tolerances of LM-based systems, but developers nonetheless claim that their…

There is a vast literature on the determinants of subjective wellbeing. International organisations and statistical offices are now collecting such survey data at scale. However, standard regression models explain surprisingly little of the…

In health, most large language model (LLM) research has focused on clinical tasks. However, mobile and wearable devices, which are rarely integrated into such tasks, provide rich, longitudinal data for personal health monitoring. Here we…

The health needs of those living in resource-limited settings are a vastly overlooked and understudied area in the intersection of machine learning (ML) and health care. While the use of ML in health care is more recently popularized over…

With the rapid development of computing technology, wearable devices such as smart phones and wristbands make it easy to get access to people's health information including activities, sleep, sports, etc. Smart healthcare achieves great…