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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged with promising energy-efficient property, yet a substantial performance gap persists compared to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This gap stems from at least two key limitations: first,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Feifan Zhou , Xiang Wei , Yang Liu , Qiang Yu

Equilibrium propagation (EP) is a compelling alternative to the backpropagation of error algorithm (BP) for computing gradients of neural networks on biological or analog neuromorphic substrates. Still, the algorithm requires weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Axel Laborieux , Friedemann Zenke

The problem of training spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a necessary precondition to understanding computations within the brain, a field still in its infancy. Previous work has shown that supervised learning in multi-layer SNNs enables…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S. Maida

We liberate Equilibrium Propagation (EP) from the limit of infinitesimal perturbations by establishing a finite-nudge foundation for local credit assignment. By modeling network states as Gibbs-Boltzmann distributions rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Elon Litman

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically plausible framework for energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. However, it is a challenge to train SNNs due to their non-differentiability, efficiently. Existing gradient approximation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Changqing Xu , Ziqiang Yang , Yi Liu , Xinfang Liao , Guiqi Mo , Hao Zeng , Yintang Yang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) can utilize spatio-temporal information and have a nature of energy efficiency which is a good alternative to deep neural networks(DNNs). The event-driven information processing makes SNNs can reduce the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Changqing Xu , Yi Liu , Yintang Yang

Spiking recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a promising tool for solving a wide variety of complex cognitive and motor tasks, due to their rich temporal dynamics and sparse processing. However training spiking RNNs on dedicated…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Yigit Demirag , Charlotte Frenkel , Melika Payvand , Giacomo Indiveri

Integrated photonic neural networks (PNNs) have demonstrated significant potential to complement the digital electronic counterparts [1-3]. Nevertheless, robust and repeatable performance of scalable integrated PNNs is directly tied to the…

Optics · Physics 2025-06-18 Farshid Ashtiani , Mohamad Hossein Idjadi , Kwangwoong Kim

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute using sparse communication and are attracting increased attention as a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks~(ANNs). While standard ANNs are stateless, spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Balázs Mészáros , James C. Knight , Thomas Nowotny

Spiking neural networks (SNN) distinguish themselves from artificial neural networks (ANN) because of their inherent temporal processing and spike-based computations, enabling a power-efficient implementation in neuromorphic hardware. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Lucas Deckers , Laurens Van Damme , Ing Jyh Tsang , Werner Van Leekwijck , Steven Latré

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) are recognized as a promising avenue for achieving efficient, low-energy neuromorphic computing. Recent advancements have focused on directly training high-performance SNNs by estimating the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jiaqiang Jiang , Lei Wang , Runhao Jiang , Jing Fan , Rui Yan

As an important class of spiking neural networks (SNNs), recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNNs) possess great computational power and have been widely used for processing sequential data like audio and text. However, most RSNNs suffer…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Wenrui Zhang , Peng Li

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the field of reinforcement learning has continuously achieved breakthroughs in both theory and practice. However, traditional reinforcement learning algorithms often entail…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuhao Pan , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng , Qi Qiu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising brain-inspired energy-efficient models. Recent progress in training methods has enabled successful deep SNNs on large-scale tasks with low latency. Particularly, backpropagation through time…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Di He , Zhouchen Lin

Gradient descent computed by backpropagation (BP) is a widely used learning method for training artificial neural networks but has several limitations: it is computationally demanding, requires frequent manual tuning of the network…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-02 Jiaqi Xing , Libo Chen , ZeZheng Zhang , Mohammed Nazibul Hasan , Zhi-Bin Zhang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) possess energy-efficient potential due to event-based computation. However, supervised training of SNNs remains a challenge as spike activities are non-differentiable. Previous SNNs training methods can be…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Yunzhe Hao , Xuhui Huang , Meng Dong , Bo Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a novel computational paradigm that captures some of the efficiency of biological brains by processing through binary neural dynamic activations. Probabilistic SNN models are typically trained to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are more biologically plausible and computationally efficient. Therefore, SNNs have the natural advantage of drawing the sparse structural plasticity of brain development to alleviate the energy problems of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Bing Han , Feifei Zhao , Yi Zeng , Wenxuan Pan

In recent years the field of neuromorphic low-power systems that consume orders of magnitude less power gained significant momentum. However, their wider use is still hindered by the lack of algorithms that can harness the strengths of such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-01-19 Peter U. Diehl , Guido Zarrella , Andrew Cassidy , Bruno U. Pedroni , Emre Neftci