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Translating formal language into natural language is a foundational challenge in NLP, driving various downstream applications in semantic parsing, theorem validation, and question answering. In this study, we introduce First-Order Logic to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Mei Jia

Automating the translation of natural language to first-order logic (FOL) is crucial for knowledge representation and formal methods, yet remains challenging. We present a systematic evaluation of fine-tuned LLMs for this task, comparing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Felix Vossel , Till Mossakowski , Björn Gehrke

Due to its expressiveness and unambiguous nature, First-Order Logic (FOL) is a powerful formalism for representing concepts expressed in natural language (NL). This is useful, e.g., for specifying and verifying desired system properties.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Andrea Brunello , Luca Geatti , Michele Mignani , Angelo Montanari , Nicola Saccomanno

Semantic parsing is the task of obtaining machine-interpretable representations from natural language text. We consider one such formal representation - First-Order Logic (FOL) and explore the capability of neural models in parsing English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Hrituraj Singh , Milan Aggrawal , Balaji Krishnamurthy

The use of formal language for deductive logical reasoning aligns well with language models (LMs), where translating natural language (NL) into first-order logic (FOL) and employing an external solver results in a verifiable and therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Automated reasoning is critical in domains such as law and governance, where verifying claims against facts in documents requires both accuracy and interpretability. Recent work adopts structured reasoning pipelines that translate natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Rizky Ramadhana Putra , Raihan Sultan Pasha Basuki , Yutong Cheng , Peng Gao

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on a variety of natural language understanding tasks. However, existing benchmarks are inadequate in measuring the complex logical reasoning capabilities of a model. We…

Logical reasoning is a fundamental task in natural language processing that presents significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs). The inherent characteristics of logical reasoning makes it well-suited for symbolic representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Translating natural language sentences to first-order logic (NL-FOL translation) is a longstanding challenge in the NLP and formal logic literature. This paper introduces LogicLLaMA, a LLaMA-7B model fine-tuned for NL-FOL translation using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Yuan Yang , Siheng Xiong , Ali Payani , Ehsan Shareghi , Faramarz Fekri

Large Language Models (LLMs) still struggle with complex logical reasoning. While previous works achieve remarkable improvements, their performance is highly dependent on the correctness of translating natural language (NL) problems into a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xiangyu Wang , Haocheng Yang , Fengxiang Cheng , Fenrong Liu

Complex logical reasoning tasks require a long sequence of reasoning, which a large language model (LLM) with chain-of-thought prompting still falls short. To alleviate this issue, neurosymbolic approaches incorporate a symbolic solver.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hyun Ryu , Gyeongman Kim , Hyemin S. Lee , Eunho Yang

Large Language Models perform well at natural language interpretation and reasoning, but their inherent stochasticity limits their adoption in regulated industries like finance and healthcare that operate under strict policies. To address…

Effectively translating between natural language (NL) and formal logics like Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) requires expertise that limits formal verification's reach in safety-critical development. Template-based approaches sacrifice…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Paapa Kwesi Quansah , Ernest Bonnah

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, leading to their adoption in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, law, and scientific research. However, their reasoning often contains subtle logical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xinyi Zheng , Ningke Li , Xiaokun Luan , Kailong Wang , Ling Shi , Meng Sun , Haoyu Wang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced question-answering (QA) capabilities, particularly in open-domain contexts. However, in closed-domain scenarios such as education, healthcare, and law, users demand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Tuan Bui , Trong Le , Phat Thai , Sang Nguyen , Minh Hua , Ngan Pham , Thang Bui , Tho Quan

To comprehensively evaluate the mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), researchers have introduced abundant mathematical reasoning datasets. However, most existing datasets primarily focus on linear reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yuliang Ji , Fuchen Shen , Jian Wu , Qiujie Xie , Yue Zhang

We developed a system able to automatically solve logical puzzles in natural language. Our solution is composed by a parser and an inference module. The parser translates the text into first order logic (FOL), while the MACE4 model finder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Adrian Groza , Cristian Nitu

Autoformalization aims to translate natural-language mathematical statements into a formal language. While LLMs have accelerated progress in this area, existing methods still suffer from low accuracy. We identify two key abilities for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Yutong Wu , Di Huang , Ruosi Wan , Yue Peng , Shijie Shang , Chenrui Cao , Lei Qi , Rui Zhang , Zidong Du , Jie Yan , Xing Hu

Autoformalization is the process of automatically translating from natural language mathematics to formal specifications and proofs. A successful autoformalization system could advance the fields of formal verification, program synthesis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yuhuai Wu , Albert Q. Jiang , Wenda Li , Markus N. Rabe , Charles Staats , Mateja Jamnik , Christian Szegedy

First Order Logic (FOL) is a powerful reasoning tool for program verification. Recent work on Ivy shows that FOL is well suited for verification of parameterized distributed systems. However, specifying many natural objects, such as a ring…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Rylo Ashmore , Arie Gurfinkel , Richard Trefler
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