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In many settings, a decision-maker wishes to learn a rule, or policy, that maps from observable characteristics of an individual to an action. Examples include selecting offers, prices, advertisements, or emails to send to consumers, as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-20 Zhengyuan Zhou , Susan Athey , Stefan Wager

Academic research in recommender systems has been greatly focusing on the accuracy-related measures of recommendations. Even when non-accuracy measures such as popularity bias, diversity, and novelty are studied, it is often solely from the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Himan Abdollahpouri , Masoud Mansoury

Most modern recommendation algorithms are data-driven: they generate personalized recommendations by observing users' past behaviors. A common assumption in recommendation is that how a user interacts with a piece of content (e.g., whether…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-12 Sarah H. Cen , Andrew Ilyas , Jennifer Allen , Hannah Li , Aleksander Madry

In dynamic programming and reinforcement learning, the policy for the sequential decision making of an agent in a stochastic environment is usually determined by expressing the goal as a scalar reward function and seeking a policy that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Simon Dima , Simon Fischer , Jobst Heitzig , Joss Oliver

Recommendation systems are pervasive in the digital economy. An important assumption in many deployed systems is that user consumption reflects user preferences in a static sense: users consume the content they like with no other…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Andreas Haupt , Dylan Hadfield-Menell , Chara Podimata

The performance of algorithms, methods, and models tends to depend heavily on the distribution of cases on which they are applied, this distribution being specific to the applicative domain. After performing an evaluation in several…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Sébastien Piérard , Adrien Deliège , Marc Van Droogenbroeck

Conventional treatment policies map patient covariates to a single recommended intervention in order to maximize expected clinical outcomes. Although a rich body of causal inference methods has been developed to estimate such policies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Laura Fuentes-Vicente , Mathieu Even , Gaëlle Dormion , Antoine Chambaz , Uri Shalit , Julie Josse

While Large Language Models (LLMs) form the cornerstone of sequential decision-making agent development, they have inherent limitations in high-frequency decision tasks. Existing research mainly focuses on discrete embodied decision…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yang Zhao , Zihao Li , Zhiyu Jiang , Dandan Ma , Ganchao Liu , Wenzhe Zhao

Recommender systems present a customized list of items based upon user or item characteristics with the objective of reducing a large number of possible choices to a smaller ranked set most likely to appeal to the user. A variety of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-02 William Noffsinger

A choice of optimization objective is immensely pivotal in the design of a recommender system as it affects the general modeling process of a user's intent from previous interactions. Existing approaches mainly adhere to three categories of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Hyunsoo Chung , Jungtaek Kim , Hyungeun Jo , Hyungwon Choi

Multi-objective optimization involving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems arises in various domains. A fundamental challenge in this context is the effective balancing of multiple objectives, each potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Loong Kuan Lee , Thore Gerlach , Nico Piatkowski

Policy gradient methods, which have been extensively studied in the last decade, offer an effective and efficient framework for reinforcement learning problems. However, their performances can often be unsatisfactory, suffering from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shihab Ahmed , El Houcine Bergou , Aritra Dutta , Yue Wang

In the November 2016 U.S. presidential election, many state level public opinion polls, particularly in the Upper Midwest, incorrectly predicted the winning candidate. One leading explanation for this polling miss is that the precipitous…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-15 Eli Ben-Michael , Avi Feller , Erin Hartman

In this paper we explore several approaches for sampling weight vectors in the context of weighted sum scalarisation approaches for solving multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems. This established method converts a multi-objective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-18 Aled Williams , Yilun Cai

Nowadays, most online services are hosted on multi-stakeholder marketplaces, where consumers and producers may have different objectives. Conventional recommendation systems, however, mainly focus on maximizing consumers' satisfaction by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Haolun Wu , Chen Ma , Bhaskar Mitra , Fernando Diaz , Xue Liu

In industrial recommendation systems, multi-task learning (learning multiple tasks simultaneously on a single model) is a predominant approach to save training/serving resources and improve recommendation performance via knowledge transfer…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yun He , Xuxing Chen , Jiayi Xu , Renqin Cai , Yiling You , Jennifer Cao , Minhui Huang , Liu Yang , Yiqun Liu , Xiaoyi Liu , Rong Jin , Sem Park , Bo Long , Xue Feng

Recommender systems are one of the most pervasive applications of machine learning in industry, with many services using them to match users to products or information. As such it is important to ask: what are the possible fairness risks,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Alex Beutel , Jilin Chen , Tulsee Doshi , Hai Qian , Li Wei , Yi Wu , Lukasz Heldt , Zhe Zhao , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Cristos Goodrow

Auction-based recommender systems are prevalent in online advertising platforms, but they are typically optimized to allocate recommendation slots based on immediate expected return metrics, neglecting the downstream effects of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ruiyang Xu , Jalaj Bhandari , Dmytro Korenkevych , Fan Liu , Yuchen He , Alex Nikulkov , Zheqing Zhu

Scaling feature values is an important step in numerous machine learning tasks. Different features can have different value ranges and some form of a feature scaling is often required in order to learn an accurate classifier. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-30 Danushka Bollegala

Reward models (RMs) play a crucial role in reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), aligning model behavior with human preferences. However, existing benchmarks for reward models show a weak correlation with the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Sunghwan Kim , Dongjin Kang , Taeyoon Kwon , Hyungjoo Chae , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo